1、問題1的設計基于學生已有的一元一次方程的知識,學生獨立思考問題,同學會考慮到題中涉及到等量關系,從中抽象出一元一次方程模型;同學可能想不到用方程的方法解決,可以由組長帶領進行討論探究.2、問題2的設計為了引出二元一次方程,但由于同學的知識有限,可能有個別同學會設兩個未知數(shù),列出二元一次方程;如果沒有生列二元一次方程,教師可引導學生分析題目中有兩個未知量,我們可設兩個未知數(shù)列方程,再次從中抽象出方程模型.根據(jù)方程特點讓生給方程起名,提高學生學習興趣.3、定義的歸納,先請同學們觀察所列的方程,找出它們的共同點,并用自己的語言描述,組內交流看法;如果學生概括的不完善,請其他同學補充. 交流完善給出定義,教師規(guī)范定義.
活動內容:① 已知,如圖,在三角形ABC中,AD平分外角∠EAC,∠B=∠C.求證:AD∥BC分析:要證明AD∥BC,只需證明“同位角相等”,即需證明∠DAE=∠B.證明:∵∠EAC=∠B+∠C(三角形的一個外角等于和它不相鄰的兩個內角的和)∠B=∠C(已知)∴∠B=∠EAC(等式的性質)∵AD平分∠EAC(已知)∴∠DAE=∠EAC(角平分線的定義)∴∠DAE=∠B(等量代換)∴AD∥BC(同位角相等,兩直線平行)想一想,還有沒有其他的證明方法呢?這個題還可以用“內錯角相等,兩直線平行”來證.
2.學會聲母“b”和單韻母“a”拼讀音節(jié)的方法?! ?.學會拼讀“b p m f”與“u、o”組成的音節(jié)?! 〗虒W難點 掌握拼讀聲母和韻母組成的音節(jié)?! 〗虒W過程 一、談話導入 我們已經認識了韻母家族的6個朋友(出示a o e i u ü)一起讀讀,你們讀得真準,能不能按字母順序擺一擺,再按順序讀一讀。你們記得真清楚。這節(jié)課我們一起到拼音王國里再認識四個聲母家族的朋友,你們愿意嗎? 二、學習“b p m f ”的音形 ?。ㄒ唬W習“b”的音形 1.出示“b”的圖 ?。?)引導學生提問:圖上的小朋友在干什么? ?。?)問:這個字母念什么?學生試讀“b”。 ?。?)講:聽廣播的“播”讀得輕短些,發(fā)音時,把兩片嘴閉合,把氣 憋住,然后突然放開,讓氣流沖出雙唇就是“b”的音?! 。?)教師范讀?! 。?)學生學讀,體會發(fā)音方法?! 。?)開火車讀。 2.學習“b”的形 ?。?)引導學生提問:怎樣記住“b”的形?或“b”與圖中的哪一部分很像? ?。?)你們能編一個記憶“b”的小兒歌嗎? 拉開天線聽廣播“b b b”?! ∮蚁掳雸A“b b b”?! ?字“b”。…… 3.指導書寫b(1)講:我們先認識一個字母基本筆畫:“丨”上豎。 (2)請同學們觀察書中字母“b”先寫哪筆,再寫哪筆,幾筆寫成?占什么格?同桌同學互相說說。(3)學生說筆順、位置,教師范寫,強調“b”的第一筆在上格的三分之一處起筆到第三條線停筆。 ?。?)學生書空筆順。 ?。?)學生在拼音本上抄字頭。教師行間巡視,進行個別輔導。糾正學生的寫姿和執(zhí)筆方法。對姿勢正確的學生及時表揚鼓勵。
2、學會正確認讀i、u、ü的帶調韻母。知道ü上標聲調時,上面的小圓點不寫。3、會在四線格里抄寫i、u、ü三個單韻母。課時安排:2課時第一課時 教學目標:教學單韻母i、u并抄寫?! 〗虒W過程: 一、 復習檢查。 1、猜謎語?! 。?)白鵝倒影是什么韻母? ?。?)圓臉小姑娘,小辮右邊扎。這是什么韻母? (3)像個圓圈是什么韻母? 2、抽讀字母卡片?! 《?、 教學單韻母i。 1、看圖說話引出i?! D上畫著什么?圖上畫著一件衣服。i的發(fā)音與“衣”的音相同?! ?、教學i的發(fā)音,認清字形。 ?。?)發(fā)音要領:發(fā)音時嘴比發(fā)e時開得更小,只留一條小縫,舌前部升高,接近上腭,舌尖抵住下齒背,讓氣從舌尖和上腭中間自然流出?! 。?)教師范讀、領讀。 ?。?)記憶字形?! 像什么?順口溜:“像支蠟燭i、i、i。” 3、書寫指導:先寫豎,再寫點,兩筆寫成?! ∪?、 教學單韻母u。 1、看圖說話引出u?! D上畫著什么?“樹上有一只烏鴉?!睘貘f的“烏”就是u?! ?、教學u的發(fā)音,認清字形?! 。?)發(fā)音要領:發(fā)音時把嘴唇收攏,嘴唇比發(fā)o時更圓更小,舌尖后縮,舌根抬高,讓氣從小洞中出來?! 。?)教師范讀,領讀?! 。?)記憶字形?! 】捎庙樋诹铮骸跋裰徊璞璾、u、u。” 3、書寫指導:u一筆寫成?! ∷?、 鞏固復習。
這是本節(jié)課的重點。讓同學們將∠aob對折,再折出一個直角三角形(使第一條折痕為斜邊),然后展開,請同學們觀察并思考:后折疊的二條折痕的交點在什么地方?這兩條折痕與角的兩邊有什么位置關系?這兩條折痕在數(shù)量上有什么關系?這時有的同學會說:“角的平分線上的點到角的兩邊的距離相等”.即得到了角平分線的性質定理的猜想。接著我會讓同學們理論證明,并轉化為符號語言,注意分清題設和結論。有的同學會用全等三角形的判定定理aas證明,從而證明了猜想得到了角平分線的性質定理。
1、方程的定義1)像這種用等號“=”來表示相等關系的式子,叫等式。(老師給出定義。)2)請大家觀察左邊的這些式子,看看它們有什么共同的特征?(老師提出問題。)3)列方程時,要先設字母表示未知數(shù),然后根據(jù)問題中的相等關系,寫出含有未知數(shù)的等式叫做方程。(學生思考后,老師給出新學內容方程的定義。)4)判斷方程的兩個關鍵要素: ①有未知數(shù) ②是等式(老師提問,并給出。)
(1)思考:作者是按什么順序寫的?寫了哪些內容?明確:作者是按事情發(fā)展的先后順序來寫的。首先描述了一望無際的草原美景,使人感受到了一種境界美;接著又展示了主人歡迎遠方客人的隆重場面;最后把酒話別,用“蒙漢情深何忍別,天涯碧草話斜陽”來收束全文。(板書:初到草原——遠迎客人——熱情相見——盛情款待——聯(lián)歡話別)作者筆下的草原給你留下了什么印象?(學生討論、交流自己的印象,可與讀此文之前對草原的印象進行對比并探討。)
1.會寫8個生字。能正確讀寫詞語表中的詞語。2.朗讀課文,能借助文中語言文字的描述展開想象,感受草原之美。(重點)3.能體會在寫景中融入感受的好處。4.背誦第1自然段。一、談話引入,創(chuàng)設情境(播放關于草原的歌曲)同學們,聽了這首歌你們是不是有一種置身于草原的感覺呢?誰能談一談你心中的草原?(課件出示相關圖片,自由交流)當老舍先生第一次來到內蒙古大草原時,他看到的是一番怎樣的情景呢?現(xiàn)在我們就隨著老舍先生一起到美麗的草原去看一看。(板書課題:草原)
1、通過同位之間互說座位位置,檢測知識目標2、3的達成效果。2、通過導學案上的探究一,檢測知識目標2、3的達成效果。 3、通過探究二,檢測知識目標1、3的達成效果。 4、通過課堂反饋,檢測總體教學目標的達成效果。本節(jié)課遵循分層施教的原則,以適應不同學生的發(fā)展與提高,針對學生回答問題本著多鼓勵、少批評的原則,具體從以下幾方面進行評價:1、通過學生獨立思考、參與小組交流和班級集體展示,教師課堂觀察學生的表現(xiàn),了解學生對知識的理解和掌握情況。教師進行適時的反應評價,同時促進學生的自評與互評。2、通過設計課堂互說座位、探究一、二及達標檢測題,檢測學習目標達成情況,同時有利于學生完成對自己的評價。3.通過課后作業(yè),了解學生對本課時知識的掌握情況,同時又能檢測學生分析解決問題的方法和思路,完成教學反饋評價。
Step 4 PracticeRead the conversation. Find out which words have been left out.Justin: Linlin, I’m going to Guizhou Province next month. I’m super excited! Any recommendations for places to visit?Linlin: Wow, cool! Guizhou is a province with a lot of cultural diversity. Places to visit...well, definitely the Huangguoshu Waterfall first.Justin: What’s special about the waterfall?Linlin: Well, have you ever heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West ?Justin: Yes, I have. Why ?Linlin: In the back of the waterfall, you will find a cave, which is the home of the Monkey King.Justin: Really? Cool! I’ll definitely check it out.Linlin:And I strongly recommend the ethnic minority villages. You’ll find Chinese culture is much more diverse than you thought.Justin:Sounds great, thanks.Answers:Justin: Linlin, I’m going to Guizhou Province next month. I’m super excited! Do you have any recommendations for places to visit?Linlin: Wow, that’s cool! Guizhou is a province with a lot of cultural diversity. What are some places to visit in Guizhou ? Well, definitely the Huangguoshu Waterfall is the first place to visit in Guizhou Province.Justin: What’s special about the waterfall?Linlin: Well, have you ever heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West ?Justin: Yes, I have heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West . Why do you ask if I have heard of the Chinese novel Journey to the West?Linlin: In the back of the waterfall, you will find a cave, which is the home of the Monkey King from Journey to the West.Justin: That’s really true? It’s Cool! I’ll definitely check it out.Linlin:And I strongly recommend the ethnic minority villages on your trip to Guizhou Province. You’ll find Chinese culture is much more diverse than you thought it was.Justin:This all sounds great, thanks.
Discuss these questions in groups.Q1: Have you ever been to a place that has a diverse culture ? What do you think about the culture diversity ?One culturally diverse place that I have been to is Harbin, the capital city of Heilongjiang Province. I went there last year with my family to see the Ice and Snow Festival, and I was amazed at how the culture as different to most other Chinese cities. There is a big Russian influence there, with beautiful Russian architecture and lots of interesting restaurants. I learnt that Harbin is called “the Oriental Moscow” and that many Russians settled there to help build the railway over 100 years ago.Q2: What are the benefits and challenges of cultural diversity ?The benefits: People are able to experience a wide variety of cultures, making their lives more interesting, and it can deepen the feelings for our national culture, it is also helpful for us to learn about other outstanding culture, which helps improve the ability to respect others. The challenges: People may have trouble communicating or understanding each other, and it may lead to disappearance of some civilizations and even make some people think “The western moon is rounder than his own.”Step 7 Post reading---RetellComplete the passage according to the text.Today, I arrived back in San Francisco, and it feels good (1) _____(be) back in the city again. The city succeeded in (2)_________ (rebuild) itself after the earthquake that (3)________ (occur) in 1906, and I stayed in the Mission District, enjoying some delicious noodles mixed with cultures. In the afternoon, I headed to a local museum (4)____ showed the historical changes in California. During the gold rush, many Chinese arrived, and some opened up shops and restaurants in Chinatown to earn a (5)_____ (live). Many others worked on (6)______ (farm), joined the gold rush, or went to build the railway that connected California to the east. The museum showed us (7)____ America was built by immigrants from (8)________ (difference) countries and cultures. In the evening, I went to Chinatown, and ate in a Cantonese restaurant that served food on (9)________(beauty) china plates. Tomorrow evening, I’m going to (10)__ jazz bar in the Richmond District. 答案:1. to be 2. rebuilding 3. occurred 4. that 5.living6. farms 7.how 8. different 9. beautiful 10. a
The topic of this part is “Describe a place with distinctive cultural identity”.This section focuses on Chinese culture by introducing Chinatown, whose purpose is to show the relationship between the Chinese culture and American culture. The Chinese culture in Chinatown is an important part of American culture. Chinatown is an important window of spreading Chinese culture and the spirit homeland of oversea Chinese, where foreigners can experience Chinese culture by themselves.Concretely, the title is “Welcome to Chinatown!”, from which we can know that the article aims at introducing Chinatown. The author used the “Introduction--Body Paragraph--Conclusion” to describe the people, language, architecture, business, famous food and drinks and people’s activities, which can be a centre for Chinese culture and shows its unique charm.1. Read quickly to get main idea; read carefully to get the detailed information.2. Learn the characteristics of writing and language.3. Learn to introduce your own town according to the text.4. Learn to correct others’ writing.1. Learn the characteristics of writing and language.2. Learn to introduce your own town according to the text.Step 1 Lead in ---Small talkIn the reading part, we mentioned the Chinatown of San Francisco. How much do you know about Chinatown of San Francisco ?Chinatown is a main living place for Chinese immigrants, where you can see many Chinese-style buildings, costumes, operas, restaurants, music and even hear Chinese.Step 2 Before reading ---Predict the contentWhat is the writer’s purpose of writing this text ? How do you know ?From the title(Welcome to Chinatown) and some key words from the text(tourist, visit, visitors, experience), we can know the purpose of the text is to introduce Chinatown and show the relationship between Chinese culture and American culture.
1. In Picture 1 and Picture 2, where do you think they are from? How do you know?From their wearings, we can know they are from ethnic minority of China--- Miao and Dong.Picture 1, they are playing their traditional instrument lusheng in their traditional costumes.Picture 2. the girls are Miao because they wear their traditional costumes and silver accessory.2. In Picture 3, can you find which village it is? What time is it in the picture?It is Dong village. It is at night. Step 2 While-listeningJustin met a new friend while traveling in Guizhou. Listen to their conversation and complete the summaries below.Part 1Justin and Wu Yue watched some Miao people play the lusheng. The instrument has a history of over 3,000 years and it is even mentioned in the oldest collection of Chinese poetry. Then they watched the lusheng dance. Justin wanted to buy some hand-made silver/traditional accessories as souvenirs. He was told that the price will depend on the percentage of silver. Part 2They will go to a pretty Dong minority village called Zhaoxing. they will see the drum towers and the wind and rain bridges. They may also see a performance of the Grand Song of the Dong people.Step 3 Post-listening---TalkingWork in groups. Imagine Justin is telling some friends about his trip to Guizhou. One of you is Justin and the rest of you are his friends. Ask Justin questions about his trip and experience. The following expressions may help you.
由樣本相關系數(shù)??≈0.97,可以推斷脂肪含量和年齡這兩個變量正線性相關,且相關程度很強。脂肪含量與年齡變化趨勢相同.歸納總結1.線性相關系數(shù)是從數(shù)值上來判斷變量間的線性相關程度,是定量的方法.與散點圖相比較,線性相關系數(shù)要精細得多,需要注意的是線性相關系數(shù)r的絕對值小,只是說明線性相關程度低,但不一定不相關,可能是非線性相關.2.利用相關系數(shù)r來檢驗線性相關顯著性水平時,通常與0.75作比較,若|r|>0.75,則線性相關較為顯著,否則不顯著.例2. 有人收集了某城市居民年收入(所有居民在一年內收入的總和)與A商品銷售額的10年數(shù)據(jù),如表所示.畫出散點圖,判斷成對樣本數(shù)據(jù)是否線性相關,并通過樣本相關系數(shù)推斷居民年收入與A商品銷售額的相關程度和變化趨勢的異同.
4.寫出下列隨機變量可能取的值,并說明隨機變量所取的值表示的隨機試驗的結果.(1)一個袋中裝有8個紅球,3個白球,從中任取5個球,其中所含白球的個數(shù)為X.(2)一個袋中有5個同樣大小的黑球,編號為1,2,3,4,5,從中任取3個球,取出的球的最大號碼記為X.(3). 在本例(1)條件下,規(guī)定取出一個紅球贏2元,而每取出一個白球輸1元,以ξ表示贏得的錢數(shù),結果如何?[解] (1)X可取0,1,2,3.X=0表示取5個球全是紅球;X=1表示取1個白球,4個紅球;X=2表示取2個白球,3個紅球;X=3表示取3個白球,2個紅球.(2)X可取3,4,5.X=3表示取出的球編號為1,2,3;X=4表示取出的球編號為1,2,4;1,3,4或2,3,4.X=5表示取出的球編號為1,2,5;1,3,5;1,4,5;2,3,5;2,4,5或3,4,5.(3) ξ=10表示取5個球全是紅球;ξ=7表示取1個白球,4個紅球;ξ=4表示取2個白球,3個紅球;ξ=1表示取3個白球,2個紅球.
3.下結論.依據(jù)均值和方差做出結論.跟蹤訓練2. A、B兩個投資項目的利潤率分別為隨機變量X1和X2,根據(jù)市場分析, X1和X2的分布列分別為X1 2% 8% 12% X2 5% 10%P 0.2 0.5 0.3 P 0.8 0.2求:(1)在A、B兩個項目上各投資100萬元, Y1和Y2分別表示投資項目A和B所獲得的利潤,求方差D(Y1)和D(Y2);(2)根據(jù)得到的結論,對于投資者有什么建議? 解:(1)題目可知,投資項目A和B所獲得的利潤Y1和Y2的分布列為:Y1 2 8 12 Y2 5 10P 0.2 0.5 0.3 P 0.8 0.2所以 ;; 解:(2) 由(1)可知 ,說明投資A項目比投資B項目期望收益要高;同時 ,說明投資A項目比投資B項目的實際收益相對于期望收益的平均波動要更大.因此,對于追求穩(wěn)定的投資者,投資B項目更合適;而對于更看重利潤并且愿意為了高利潤承擔風險的投資者,投資A項目更合適.
對于離散型隨機變量,可以由它的概率分布列確定與該隨機變量相關事件的概率。但在實際問題中,有時我們更感興趣的是隨機變量的某些數(shù)字特征。例如,要了解某班同學在一次數(shù)學測驗中的總體水平,很重要的是看平均分;要了解某班同學數(shù)學成績是否“兩極分化”則需要考察這個班數(shù)學成績的方差。我們還常常希望直接通過數(shù)字來反映隨機變量的某個方面的特征,最常用的有期望與方差.二、 探究新知探究1.甲乙兩名射箭運動員射中目標靶的環(huán)數(shù)的分布列如下表所示:如何比較他們射箭水平的高低呢?環(huán)數(shù)X 7 8 9 10甲射中的概率 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4乙射中的概率 0.15 0.25 0.4 0.2類似兩組數(shù)據(jù)的比較,首先比較擊中的平均環(huán)數(shù),如果平均環(huán)數(shù)相等,再看穩(wěn)定性.假設甲射箭n次,射中7環(huán)、8環(huán)、9環(huán)和10環(huán)的頻率分別為:甲n次射箭射中的平均環(huán)數(shù)當n足夠大時,頻率穩(wěn)定于概率,所以x穩(wěn)定于7×0.1+8×0.2+9×0.3+10×0.4=9.即甲射中平均環(huán)數(shù)的穩(wěn)定值(理論平均值)為9,這個平均值的大小可以反映甲運動員的射箭水平.同理,乙射中環(huán)數(shù)的平均值為7×0.15+8×0.25+9×0.4+10×0.2=8.65.
一、 問題導學前面兩節(jié)所討論的變量,如人的身高、樹的胸徑、樹的高度、短跑100m世界紀錄和創(chuàng)紀錄的時間等,都是數(shù)值變量,數(shù)值變量的取值為實數(shù).其大小和運算都有實際含義.在現(xiàn)實生活中,人們經常需要回答一定范圍內的兩種現(xiàn)象或性質之間是否存在關聯(lián)性或相互影響的問題.例如,就讀不同學校是否對學生的成績有影響,不同班級學生用于體育鍛煉的時間是否有差別,吸煙是否會增加患肺癌的風險,等等,本節(jié)將要學習的獨立性檢驗方法為我們提供了解決這類問題的方案。在討論上述問題時,為了表述方便,我們經常會使用一種特殊的隨機變量,以區(qū)別不同的現(xiàn)象或性質,這類隨機變量稱為分類變量.分類變量的取值可以用實數(shù)表示,例如,學生所在的班級可以用1,2,3等表示,男性、女性可以用1,0表示,等等.在很多時候,這些數(shù)值只作為編號使用,并沒有通常的大小和運算意義,本節(jié)我們主要討論取值于{0,1}的分類變量的關聯(lián)性問題.
溫故知新 1.離散型隨機變量的定義可能取值為有限個或可以一一列舉的隨機變量,我們稱為離散型隨機變量.通常用大寫英文字母表示隨機變量,例如X,Y,Z;用小寫英文字母表示隨機變量的取值,例如x,y,z.隨機變量的特點: 試驗之前可以判斷其可能出現(xiàn)的所有值,在試驗之前不可能確定取何值;可以用數(shù)字表示2、隨機變量的分類①離散型隨機變量:X的取值可一、一列出;②連續(xù)型隨機變量:X可以取某個區(qū)間內的一切值隨機變量將隨機事件的結果數(shù)量化.3、古典概型:①試驗中所有可能出現(xiàn)的基本事件只有有限個;②每個基本事件出現(xiàn)的可能性相等。二、探究新知探究1.拋擲一枚骰子,所得的點數(shù)X有哪些值?取每個值的概率是多少? 因為X取值范圍是{1,2,3,4,5,6}而且"P(X=m)"=1/6,m=1,2,3,4,5,6.因此X分布列如下表所示
1.對稱性與首末兩端“等距離”的兩個二項式系數(shù)相等,即C_n^m=C_n^(n"-" m).2.增減性與最大值 當k(n+1)/2時,C_n^k隨k的增加而減小.當n是偶數(shù)時,中間的一項C_n^(n/2)取得最大值;當n是奇數(shù)時,中間的兩項C_n^((n"-" 1)/2) 與C_n^((n+1)/2)相等,且同時取得最大值.探究2.已知(1+x)^n =C_n^0+C_n^1 x+...〖+C〗_n^k x^k+...+C_n^n x^n 3.各二項式系數(shù)的和C_n^0+C_n^1+C_n^2+…+C_n^n=2n.令x=1 得(1+1)^n=C_n^0+C_n^1 +...+C_n^n=2^n所以,(a+b)^n 的展開式的各二項式系數(shù)之和為2^n1. 在(a+b)8的展開式中,二項式系數(shù)最大的項為 ,在(a+b)9的展開式中,二項式系數(shù)最大的項為 . 解析:因為(a+b)8的展開式中有9項,所以中間一項的二項式系數(shù)最大,該項為C_8^4a4b4=70a4b4.因為(a+b)9的展開式中有10項,所以中間兩項的二項式系數(shù)最大,這兩項分別為C_9^4a5b4=126a5b4,C_9^5a4b5=126a4b5.答案:1.70a4b4 126a5b4與126a4b5 2. A=C_n^0+C_n^2+C_n^4+…與B=C_n^1+C_n^3+C_n^5+…的大小關系是( )A.A>B B.A=B C.A<B D.不確定 解析:∵(1+1)n=C_n^0+C_n^1+C_n^2+…+C_n^n=2n,(1-1)n=C_n^0-C_n^1+C_n^2-…+(-1)nC_n^n=0,∴C_n^0+C_n^2+C_n^4+…=C_n^1+C_n^3+C_n^5+…=2n-1,即A=B.答案:B
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