材料二從公元 476 年西羅馬帝國滅亡到 14~16 世紀(jì)文藝復(fù)興之前, 歐洲是政教合一的封建時代,宗教裁判所可以僅僅因為布魯諾信奉哥白尼的日心說這樣一個科學(xué)學(xué)說,而把他視為異端判處死刑,燒死在羅馬鮮花廣場上。因此,歐洲中世紀(jì)的科技經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會進(jìn)步都受到了極大的阻礙,史稱“黑暗的中世紀(jì)”。而這一千年,中國國家長期統(tǒng)一,經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)發(fā)展,中華封建文明在大踏步前進(jìn)……以四大發(fā)明為標(biāo)志的傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)更為世人所稱道……只是到了近代才落后于西方?!幾酝跤迳秱鹘y(tǒng)文化與中國科技發(fā)展》(1)根據(jù)材料一并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識,指出中國古代科技在世界科技史上的地位變化情況。(4分)(2)根據(jù)材料二并結(jié)合所學(xué)知識,概述公元401~1500年中國古代科技發(fā)展的主要原因。(6分)(3)下圖是某校初三·三班呂亞楠同學(xué)制作的中國“古代四大發(fā)明”手抄報照片,其中“四大發(fā)明是什么”的答案有點模糊不清,請你補充完成。( 4 分)
【思想的光芒】材料一 老子,中國古代偉大的思想家,春秋時期楚國人。他曾做過周朝管理藏書的史官,孔子曾向他問禮,感嘆他學(xué)問的高深。年老時,留下了五千言的名著。這部著作流傳甚廣。據(jù)聯(lián)合國教科文組織統(tǒng)計,它是世界上被譯成外國文字最多的著作之一??鬃樱袊糯鷤ゴ蟮乃枷爰液徒逃?,春秋時期魯國人。弟子三千,其言行被編成《論語》一書。他為我國文化教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻(xiàn),被后世尊稱為“萬世師表”??鬃拥乃枷朐谥袊褪澜缢枷胧飞舷碛兄匾匚?。(1)材料所述老子的“名著”是什么?(1分)作為“萬世師表”的孔子,其思想的核心是什么?(1分)戰(zhàn)國時在思想文化領(lǐng)域出現(xiàn)了“百家爭鳴”的局面,請列舉其中一個學(xué)派及其代表人物。(1分)
小蘭有記學(xué)習(xí)筆記的好習(xí)慣,她常在筆記中記載一些學(xué)習(xí)生活中碰到的問題,請你幫她解答。材料一 今天學(xué)校進(jìn)行學(xué)籍注冊,我的籍貫填的是湖南省郴州市,而同桌烏蘭雅的籍貫填的是內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)阿拉善左旗。為什么湖南是省而內(nèi)蒙古卻是自治區(qū)呢?(1)自治區(qū)設(shè)立的依據(jù)是什么?(2分),材料二 烏蘭雅成天把“成吉思汗”這個名字掛在嘴邊,總在我們面前炫耀自己是成吉思汗的后代,并以此為榮!成吉思汗是誰呀?烏蘭雅為什么這么崇拜他?(2)請你簡要介紹成吉思汗。(4分)材料三 由于烏蘭雅的到來,班主任決定在班上召開一次以民族團(tuán)結(jié)為主題的班會。安排我定言,我該說些什么呢?(3)請你幫小蘭找出中國古代有關(guān)民族團(tuán)結(jié)的史實。(6分)
21.“封侯非我意,但愿海波平”是明朝抗倭英雄戚繼光的豪邁詩句。22.三大戰(zhàn)役中,解放華北全境的戰(zhàn)役是遼沈戰(zhàn)役。23. 1997年7月1日,香港順利回歸祖國。24.日本的大化改新,標(biāo)志著日本從奴隸社會開始向封建社會過渡。25.殖民擴張和掠奪是英國最早成為資本主義工業(yè)強國的重要條件之一。26.1861年,沙俄政府在廢除農(nóng)奴制的法令中規(guī)定,農(nóng)奴在獲得“解放”時,可以無償?shù)玫揭粔K土地。27.薩拉熱窩事件是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的導(dǎo)火線。28. 1942年1月,美、英、蘇、中等26個國家在華盛頓簽署了《聯(lián)合國家宣言》,標(biāo)志著世界反法西斯同盟正式建立。29.湘南起義的主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人是朱德、陳毅。30.湖南的地方劇種豐富多彩,有湘劇、花鼓戲、祁劇、豫劇等。
①馬鈴薯是菜還是糧?在1月6日舉辦的馬鈴薯主糧化發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研討會上,豐富多彩的馬鈴薯主食制品令人大開眼界。馬鈴薯全粉占比40%的饅頭、面包、馬鈴薯芝士蛋糕等,都顛覆著人們對馬鈴薯的認(rèn)知。②農(nóng)業(yè)部副部長在會上表示,要以科技創(chuàng)新引領(lǐng)馬鈴薯主糧化發(fā)展,推動形成馬鈴薯與谷物協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的新格局。據(jù)介紹,馬鈴薯有望成為稻米、小麥、玉米之外的第四大主糧作物。它的種植面積將逐步擴大到1.5億畝,年產(chǎn)鮮薯增加2億噸,折合糧食約為5000萬噸。
讀書不能死章句,需要思考一個“活”字。李白在《嘲魯儒》中說:“魯叟談五經(jīng),白發(fā)死章句。問以經(jīng)濟(jì)策,茫如墜煙霧?!痹娙藢δ切┛淇淦湔劧鴽]有真才實學(xué)的“魯叟”進(jìn)行了辛辣的嘲諷。這些人談起五經(jīng)頭頭是道,問起經(jīng)世濟(jì)民之策卻茫然無知。他們拿腔拿調(diào),架子十足,卻死于章句,不知時變。陸游《冬夜讀書示子聿》中的觀點,則更加值得那些“魯叟”們深思。他說“紙上得來終覺淺,絕知此事要躬行”,言詞樸素,滿含哲理,詩中提出的理論與實踐相結(jié)合的觀點,至今猶有現(xiàn)實意義。只有在實踐中才能得真知、悟真諦,真正學(xué)有所獲,學(xué)有所用。
材料 當(dāng)代國學(xué)大師南懷瑾說:中國文化歷史,在秦漢以前,主要是儒、墨、道三家,籠罩了全部的文化思想。到唐宋以后,換了一家,成為儒釋道三家,這三家又籠罩著中國文化思想。佛學(xué)像百貨店,有錢有閑,可去逛逛,逛了買東西也可,根本不逛也可,但社會需要它;道家像藥店,它包括了兵家、縱橫家的思想,乃至天文、地理、醫(yī)藥,一個國家、民族生病,非去這個藥店不可;儒家的孔孟思想像糧店,是天天要吃的,要深切了解中國文化歷史的演變、將來怎么辦,就要研究四書。
YangHongwei, 56, was born into a kite-making family in Weifang. When she was young,she often saw kites with bright colors and different shapes in hergrandfather’s workshop.
In the large yard stood thirteen trees ofdifferent sizes. One day, while Joey was playing with his sister under thetrees, he noticed that a tree trunk (樹干) had a sad look. He raninto the house to tell his mom about it. She told Joey to find the reason whyit was sad.
As a boy, Kevin visited national parks and helearned the Earth is in ___12___ condition. He felt worried, and hewanted to ___13___ the Earth. In 2009, he went to swim in water nearNorth Pole(北極)todraw people’s attention to the melting glaciers(融化的冰川).
Long ago, a poor old couple lived on the coast.One day, an old storyteller came to their village. The old couple gave him ameal. In return, he gave them a coffee mill (磨粉機)and said, “Say, ‘Mill, please grind (磨粉)’,”
Thinking that her dream could never come true,Kelly was in low spirits and ____18____ her studies at school. Hermother did all she could to cheer her up, ____19____ Kelly refused tochange. She even took out all her anger and ____20____ on her mother.
During 1907-1909, British explorer EarnestShackleton explored Antarctica on foot. In 1911, two explorers—a British mannamed Scott and a Norwegian named Amundsen—raced 1, 400 kilometres to the SouthPole (南極).Amundsen arrived first.
Taiping nijiaojiao is made of the mudfrom the local mountain. It takes more than ten steps to make the clay toy, andthe key step is to knead (捏) it with your hands. You can knead the clay toyinto anything, like animals and plants. The blowhole is the most difficult partto make, for the size of the blowhole makes a difference to the sound. Whilecoloring, you can use traditional cultural elements (元素) thatcarry good meanings. It’s hard to make taipingnijiaojiao. But when you finally make it, you will feel proud of yourself.
When itcomes to a meaningful life, we might think of love, happiness and health. Alife filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. Then, whatmakes a meaningful life?Manyresearchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors (因素): havinglong-term goals, believing that one’s life matters, and feeling that one’s lifefits together and “makes sense”.But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimeslife enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open toappreciating (欣賞) suchexperiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We callthis experiential appreciation (EA).
Dealing with a nosebleed(鼻出血)mightseem simple. But recently, the British RED Cross asked parents with youngchildren how to help a child with a nosebleed. About 65 percent of parents didnot ____11____ the correct action to help.
My arms were shaking and my heart was beating ____19____when I stood at the starting line. ____20____ the endless runway (跑道), I felt like a boatfighting against the wind and rain.
My earliest memory ofthese events began when I was around four years old. I was filled with ___12___ at that time. There were lots of ___13___ — crying, shouting, and doors slamming (砰地關(guān)上).
The December day started like any other. Papacame back with his boat full of fish. Mama made breakfast for the family.Seven-year-old Joonas was doing his homework, while his two little brothers ranaround the yard.
Once, herfather took her to the kitchen. He asked Jane to take a potato, an egg ____11____two spoons of tea leaves. Jane was ____12____, and asked her father, “Doyou want me to cook?”