二、程朱理學(xué):1、宋代“理學(xué)”的產(chǎn)生:(1)含義:所謂“理學(xué)”,就是用“理學(xué)”一詞來指明當(dāng)時(shí)兩宋時(shí)期所呈現(xiàn)出來的儒學(xué)。廣義的理學(xué),泛指以討論天道問題為中心的整個(gè)哲學(xué)思潮,包括各種不同的學(xué)派;狹義的理學(xué),專指程顥、程頤、朱熹為代表的,以“理”為最高范疇的學(xué)說,稱為“程朱理學(xué)”。理學(xué)是北宋政治、社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的理論表現(xiàn),是中國古代哲學(xué)長期發(fā)展的結(jié)果,是批判佛、道學(xué)說的產(chǎn)物。他們把“理”或“天理”視作哲學(xué)的最高范疇,認(rèn)為理無所不在,不生不滅,不僅是世界的本原,也是社會(huì)生活的最高準(zhǔn)則。在窮理方法上,程顥“主靜”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“正心誠意”;程頤“主敬”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“格物致知”。在人性論上,二程主張“去人欲,存天理”,并深入闡釋這一觀點(diǎn)使之更加系統(tǒng)化。二程學(xué)說的出現(xiàn),標(biāo)志著宋代“理學(xué)”思想體系的正式形成。【合作探究】宋代“理學(xué)”興起的社會(huì)條件:
你校英語報(bào)計(jì)劃出版一期急救常識(shí)???現(xiàn)面向全校學(xué)生公開征集稿件,你有意參加。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下面提示內(nèi)容,用英語寫一篇短文,介紹在車禍現(xiàn)場(chǎng)對(duì)傷者進(jìn)行急救的方法和步驟。1.確?,F(xiàn)場(chǎng)的安全;2.詢問傷者,確保其呼吸正常;3.檢查傷口,如流血?jiǎng)t應(yīng)采取止血措施;4.如需急救,確保其處于康復(fù)位置。注意:1.詞數(shù)80左右;2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。參考詞匯:康復(fù)位置 recovery positionAs we all know, having a knowledge of first aid can make a great difference in our daily life. If a traffic accident happens and someone is injured, the following steps can be used to treat the injured.In the first place, we should make sure that the accident scene is safe so that we won’t get hurt. We should ask the injured person if he is OK, and see if he is breathing. What’s more, we should check for cuts and wounds. If he is bleeding badly, it is vital that we should try to stop the bleeding by applying pressure to the injury. This is because if a person loses too much blood, he may die. If necessary, take the injured person to the hospital as soon as possible.Do remember: when giving first aid, please be sure to place the person in a recovery position.
The theme of this section is to express people's views on studying abroad. With the continuous development of Chinese economic construction, especially the general improvement of people's living standards, the number of Chinese students studying abroad at their own expense is on the rise. Many students and parents turn their attention to the world and regard studying abroad as an effective way to improve their quality, broaden their horizons and master the world's advanced scientific knowledge, which is very important for the fever of going abroad. Studying abroad is also an important decision made by a family for their children. Therefore, it is of great social significance to discuss this issue. The theme of this section is the column discussion in the newspaper: the advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad. The discourse is about two parents' contribution letters on this issue. They respectively express their own positions. One thinks that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages, and the other thinks that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The two parents' arguments are well founded and logical. It is worth noting that the two authors do not express their views on studying abroad from an individual point of view, but from a national or even global point of view. These two articles have the characteristics of both letters and argumentative essays1.Guide the students to read these two articles, and understand the author's point of view and argument ideas2.Help the students to summarize the structure and writing methods of argumentative writing, and guides students to correctly understand the advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad3.Cultivate students' ability to analyze problems objectively, comprehensively and deeply
This section guides students to pay attention to the typical context of vocabulary use, helps students accumulate vocabulary around the key vocabulary of this unit, and uses the learned words and word chunks in different contexts to deeply understand their meaning and usage, so as to achieve the purpose of review and consolidation.The teaching design activities aim to guide students to pay attention to the typical context in which the target vocabulary is used, as well as the common vocabulary used in collocation, so that students can complete the sentence with correct words. In terms of vocabulary learning strategies, this unit focuses on cultivating students' ability to pay attention to collocation of words and to use word blocks to express meaning.For vocabulary learning, it is not enough just to know the meaning of a single word, but the most important thing is to master the common collocations of words, namely word blocks.Teachers should timely guide students to summarize common vocabulary collocation, such as verb and noun collocation, verb and preposition collocation, preposition and noun collocation, and so on.1. Guide students to understand and consolidate the meaning and usage of the vocabulary in the context, 2. Guide the students to use the unit topic vocabulary in a richer context3. Let the students sort out and accumulate the accumulated vocabulary, establishes the semantic connection between the vocabulary,4. Enable students to understand and master the vocabulary more effectivelyGuiding the Ss to use unit topic words and the sentence patterns in a richer context.
The theme of this section is to learn how to make emergency calls. Students should learn how to make emergency calls not only in China, but also in foreign countries in English, so that they can be prepared for future situations outside the home.The emergency telephone number is a vital hotline, which should be the most clear, rapid and effective communication with the acute operator.This section helps students to understand the emergency calls in some countries and the precautions for making emergency calls. Through the study of this section, students can accumulate common expressions and sentence patterns in this context. 1.Help students accumulate emergency telephone numbers in different countries and learn more about first aid2.Guide the students to understand the contents and instructions of the telephone, grasp the characteristics of the emergency telephone and the requirements of the emergency telephone.3.Guide students to understand the first aid instructions of the operators.4.Enable Ss to make simulated emergency calls with their partners in the language they have learned1. Instruct students to grasp the key information and important details of the dialogue.2. Instruct students to conduct a similar talk on the relevant topic.Step1:Look and discuss:Match the pictures below to the medical emergencies, and then discuss the questions in groups.
【目標(biāo)導(dǎo)航】1.主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)欣賞、演唱古詩詞,在反復(fù)吟誦中進(jìn)一步體會(huì)中華詩詞文化的燦爛輝煌;2.漫步古詩苑,領(lǐng)略多姿多彩的創(chuàng)作風(fēng)格,了解明星璀璨的大家名人,瀏覽醒世鑒人的名篇佳句,體會(huì)博大精深的思想內(nèi)容,感知美妙絕倫的藝術(shù)特色;3.激勵(lì)參與意識(shí)和創(chuàng)新精神,能借助詩歌抒發(fā)真情實(shí)感,濡染心靈,陶冶性情,培養(yǎng)文學(xué)純正趣味,提高參與者的文學(xué)綜合素養(yǎng)?!菊n時(shí)安排】1課時(shí)自由組成小組,搜集相關(guān)資料,通過多種手段如多媒體,學(xué)生繪畫,音樂等課程資源,為學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)優(yōu)美的教學(xué)情境。【新課導(dǎo)入】中國是一個(gè)詩的國度,中華詩詞是民族文化的寶典,是一朵瑰麗的文學(xué)奇葩。今天,讓我們就漫步在這個(gè)色彩繽紛的世界,在鳥語花香中,品味古人的閑情逸致,在詩情畫意中,學(xué)習(xí)他們的曠達(dá)胸襟。
【新課導(dǎo)入】抬頭仰望天空,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)曾經(jīng)湛藍(lán)的天不再那么明凈;低頭俯視大地,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)曾經(jīng)清澈見底的河流不再那么透明;靜靜聆聽,回響在我們耳邊的不再是婉轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)聽的鳥叫蟲鳴,而是轟隆隆的機(jī)器運(yùn)作;放眼望去,呈現(xiàn)在我們眼前的不再是郁郁蔥蔥的森林綠地,而是灰暗單調(diào)的高樓和冰冷的水泥路面……隨著工業(yè)化的進(jìn)程,我們的生活已被污染包圍,倡導(dǎo)低碳生活,刻不容緩。【重點(diǎn)解讀】認(rèn)識(shí)低碳生活、宣傳低碳生活、爭(zhēng)做低碳達(dá)人。1. 認(rèn)識(shí)低碳生活低碳,英文為low carbon,意指較低的溫室氣體(二氧化碳為主)排放。低碳生活,就是指生活作息時(shí)所耗用的能量要盡力減少,從而降低碳,特別是二氧化碳的排放量,進(jìn)而減少對(duì)大氣的污染,減緩生態(tài)惡化,要求從節(jié)水、節(jié)電、節(jié)氣和回收四個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)來改變生活細(xì)節(jié)。
【新課導(dǎo)入】演講比賽是提高同學(xué)口語和表達(dá)能力的一項(xiàng)競(jìng)賽,不僅要求參賽者有良好的文字功底和修養(yǎng),同時(shí)也要有良好的口才和表達(dá)能力,以及很強(qiáng)的感染力,通過自己的敘述將觀眾帶入自己的世界,同時(shí)演講比賽也是一個(gè)人綜合素質(zhì)的體現(xiàn),要想更多的人認(rèn)識(shí)自己,了解自己,首先就得學(xué)會(huì)說話,學(xué)會(huì)推銷自己,通過自己的介紹讓同學(xué)了解自己,喜歡自己,好的演講口才終身受用。【重點(diǎn)解讀】充分的賽前準(zhǔn)備是比賽成功的基礎(chǔ)。建議大家:(1)舉辦小組選拔賽。選擇同一題目撰寫演講稿的同學(xué)自由組成小組,先在小組內(nèi)進(jìn)行選拔比賽,每組選出一到兩名同學(xué)參加班級(jí)演講。小組選拔時(shí),一方面要重視演講的內(nèi)容,同時(shí)要考慮現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的聲音、語氣、表情、動(dòng)作等,通過綜合評(píng)價(jià),推舉優(yōu)秀代表。
孩子們是國家的未來祖國的希望,我們對(duì)他們的合法權(quán)給予特殊呵護(hù),也是一項(xiàng)具有挑站性的工作,這需要全社會(huì)共同參與到其中,我們每一個(gè)人一起完成,共同維護(hù)未成年人合法權(quán)益,更好的履行自己的責(zé)任和義務(wù),讓孩子們活潑健康快樂的成長,成為一代強(qiáng)人,將來為祖國做出更大的貢獻(xiàn)。
孩子們是國家的未來祖國的希望,我們對(duì)他們的合法權(quán)給予特殊呵護(hù),也是一項(xiàng)具有挑站性的工作,這需要全社會(huì)共同參與到其中,我們每一個(gè)人一起完成,共同維護(hù)未成年人合法權(quán)益,更好的履行自己的責(zé)任和義務(wù),讓孩子們活潑健康快樂的成長,成為一代強(qiáng)人,將來為祖國做出更大的貢獻(xiàn)。
(3)騙稅 騙稅是指納稅人用欺騙手段獲得國家稅收優(yōu)惠的行為。教師活動(dòng):請(qǐng)同學(xué)們看教材87頁“相關(guān)鏈接”,了解騙稅行為的特點(diǎn)和法律處罰規(guī)定。學(xué)生活動(dòng):認(rèn)真閱讀,積極思考。(4)抗稅 抗稅是指納稅人以暴力、威脅等手段,拒不繳納稅款的行為。教師活動(dòng):請(qǐng)同學(xué)們看教材87頁“相關(guān)鏈接”,了解騙稅行為的特點(diǎn)和法律處罰規(guī)定。學(xué)生活動(dòng):認(rèn)真閱讀,積極思考。3、公民要增強(qiáng)稅收監(jiān)督意識(shí)教師活動(dòng):請(qǐng)同學(xué)們看教材88頁“相關(guān)鏈接”,思考公民如何維護(hù)國家稅收工作?學(xué)生活動(dòng):認(rèn)真閱讀,積極思考。教師總結(jié):公民是國家稅收的最終負(fù)稅人,應(yīng)自覺增強(qiáng)稅收監(jiān)督意識(shí),以主人翁的態(tài)度積極監(jiān)督國家公職人員及公共權(quán)力的行為,關(guān)注稅收的征收和使用情況,對(duì)他們的違法行為進(jìn)行批評(píng)、檢舉,維護(hù)國家利益和自身利益。
活動(dòng)目標(biāo):1、引導(dǎo)幼兒探索小火箭上天的原因。2、激發(fā)幼兒科學(xué)探索的興趣,培養(yǎng)幼兒科學(xué)探索的精神?;顒?dòng)準(zhǔn)備:1、物質(zhì)準(zhǔn)備:1) 小火箭人手一個(gè)(大可樂瓶上蓋一個(gè)紙做的圓錐體)。2) 在活動(dòng)室柱子或墻面上做好不同高度的標(biāo)記。
【點(diǎn)津】 1.不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作目的狀語 ,當(dāng)不定式或不定式短語有自己的執(zhí)行者時(shí),要用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)?即在不定式或不定式短語之前加 for +名詞或賓格代詞?作狀語。He opened the door for the children to come in. 他開門讓孩子們進(jìn)來。目的狀語從句與不定式的轉(zhuǎn)換 英語中的目的狀語從句,還可以變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ交虿欢ㄊ蕉陶Z作狀語,從而使句子在結(jié)構(gòu)上得以簡(jiǎn)化??煞譃閮煞N情況: 1?當(dāng)目的狀語從句中的主語與主句中的主語相同時(shí),可以直接簡(jiǎn)化為不定式或不定式短語作狀語。We'll start early in order that/so that we may arrive in time. →We'll start early in order to/so as to arrive in time. 2?當(dāng)目的狀語從句中的主語與主句中的主語不相同時(shí),要用動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。I came early in order that you might read my report before the meeting. →I came early in order for you to read my report before the meeting.
【品讀課文,把握情感】1.小石潭到底有哪些樂趣呢?(找出“樂”的句子)(1)聞水聲,如鳴珮環(huán),心樂之。(2)似與游者相樂。2.深入探究,走近柳宗元。 “一切景語皆情語”,面對(duì)如此優(yōu)美的景色,作者的心情卻是“悄愴幽邃”。(播放一首古箏樂曲)這首古箏曲能為課文朗誦配樂嗎?你能結(jié)合寫作背景,說說你的理解嗎?作者是被貶官到永州,不幸的遭遇令他感傷,本來想寄情于山水,遣散心中的郁悶,小石潭的美景使他驚嘆不已,流連其中,得到了不少樂趣,暫時(shí)忘記了心中的痛苦,可是小石潭風(fēng)景雖美卻過于幽靜冷清,游玩的時(shí)間一長,寒氣透骨,難免觸景生情,不由得憶起了自己的坎坷命運(yùn),憂郁、悲涼的心情自然地流露出來。3.柳宗元懷才不遇的悲涼郁悶,透過文字顯現(xiàn)出來了。那么還有哪些中國文人用文字來書寫心中壯志難酬的情感?
一、教材分析 《真正的哲學(xué)都是自己時(shí)代精神上的精華》是人教版高中政治必修四第3章第1框的教學(xué)內(nèi)容,主要學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)與時(shí)代的關(guān)系。二、教學(xué)目標(biāo)1.知識(shí)目標(biāo):識(shí)記哲學(xué)是時(shí)代的精神上的精華;理解哲學(xué)與時(shí)代的關(guān)系。2.能力目標(biāo):培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用哲學(xué)理論觀察、分析、處理社會(huì)問題的能力,增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的時(shí)代感。3.情感、態(tài)度和價(jià)值觀目標(biāo):培養(yǎng)學(xué)生與時(shí)俱進(jìn)的思想品質(zhì),讓學(xué)生關(guān)注時(shí)代、關(guān)注現(xiàn)實(shí)、關(guān)注生活,逐步樹立科學(xué)的世界觀、人生觀、價(jià)值觀 。三、教學(xué)重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)哲學(xué)與時(shí)代的關(guān)系。四、學(xué)情分析本框題的內(nèi)容比較抽象,不易理解,所以講解時(shí)需要詳細(xì)。教師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生借助歷史知識(shí)進(jìn)行理解。五、教學(xué)方法1.教師啟發(fā)、引導(dǎo),學(xué)生自主閱讀、思考,討論、交流學(xué)習(xí)成果。2.學(xué)案導(dǎo)學(xué):見后面的學(xué)案。3.新授課教學(xué)基本環(huán)節(jié):預(yù)習(xí)檢查、總結(jié)疑惑→情境導(dǎo)入、展示目標(biāo)→合作探究、精講點(diǎn)撥→反思總結(jié)、當(dāng)堂檢測(cè)→發(fā)導(dǎo)學(xué)案、布置預(yù)習(xí)
一是要提高教育者的法律意識(shí),使教育者自覺遵守法律規(guī)定。了解法律并遵守法律,應(yīng)落實(shí)到每一位教師在日常教學(xué)的具體行動(dòng)中。 二是要了解并尊重未成年人的客觀需要,不以教師的主觀意愿去要求孩子。未成年人正處在生長發(fā)育的過程中,有其自身的需要和特點(diǎn)。比如孩子好動(dòng),不可能像成年人那樣長時(shí)間安靜地坐著不動(dòng)。因此,教師應(yīng)充分認(rèn)識(shí)和理解未成年人發(fā)展的客觀規(guī)律,不能憑者自己的主觀意愿去看待孩子、要求孩子。
評(píng)價(jià)分析法,就是引述事例后,對(duì)所引述的事例作適當(dāng)?shù)脑u(píng)價(jià),從而使自己的觀點(diǎn)得到印證。例如,在論“節(jié)儉”時(shí),引用了“曾國藩以儉戒子,其子曾紀(jì)澤終成出色的外交家;方志敏居官不貪,一生清貧,千古留名”的事實(shí)后,接著進(jìn)行分析:是的,“儉者心常富”,節(jié)儉能培養(yǎng)人同困難作斗爭(zhēng)的勇氣和意志,而這正是一個(gè)人立業(yè)最重要的素質(zhì)。從這個(gè)意義上說,有人說饑餓是人生的佐料,吃苦是一種資本也不無道理,而自覺和戒奢尚儉則更是促人修身養(yǎng)性,磨煉意志的有效途徑。這里,作者緊扣論點(diǎn),對(duì)論據(jù)進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià)性分析,這種評(píng)價(jià)分析使作者的觀點(diǎn)得到強(qiáng)化。(四)因果分析法因果分析法,就是抓住論據(jù)所述的事實(shí),并據(jù)此推求形成原因的一種分析方法。事出必有其因。我們可以依據(jù)事物發(fā)展變化的因果關(guān)系,由事物發(fā)展變化的結(jié)果,推導(dǎo)出產(chǎn)生這種結(jié)果的原因,從而揭示出一定的生活規(guī)律,使事例有力地證明觀點(diǎn)。
(生動(dòng)手寫下來,小組交流,推薦三至五個(gè)同學(xué)全班交流)師小結(jié):正如巴爾扎克說的“唯有細(xì)節(jié)將組成作品的價(jià)值”。同學(xué)們?cè)趯懽髦锌汕‘?dāng)?shù)靥砑有は?、語言、動(dòng)作、景物等細(xì)節(jié)描寫,用上合適的修辭手法,細(xì)化分解過程,盡最大的努力,讓描寫細(xì)致生動(dòng)起來,讓內(nèi)容充實(shí)起來。【設(shè)計(jì)意圖】本環(huán)節(jié)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過具體句子的分析對(duì)比,學(xué)習(xí)歸納表達(dá)細(xì)節(jié)的方法,并運(yùn)用這些方法練習(xí)。這些方法可操作性強(qiáng),易于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和評(píng)價(jià)。三、實(shí)踐運(yùn)用,描摹細(xì)節(jié)1.修改習(xí)作,打磨細(xì)節(jié)。(1)在本節(jié)課開頭展示的修改習(xí)作中選出兩篇。(生推薦,屏幕展示)(2)師生就所選習(xí)作中的某個(gè)段落,圍繞一個(gè)中心詞,如喜歡、贊賞、討厭、厭惡等,全班集體修改,學(xué)習(xí)如何運(yùn)用肖像、語言和動(dòng)作等細(xì)節(jié)描寫表情達(dá)意。(3)展示修改片段,對(duì)比原文。(4)生點(diǎn)評(píng)修改效果談收獲。
梁?jiǎn)⒊?873—1929),字卓如,號(hào)任公,別號(hào)飲冰室主人。廣東新會(huì)人,思想家、學(xué)者。清朝光緒年間舉人,戊戌變法(百日維新)領(lǐng)袖之一、中國近代維新派、新法家代表人物。幼年受傳統(tǒng)教育,光緒十年(1884)中秀才,1889年中舉。后從師于康有為,成為資產(chǎn)階級(jí)改良派的宣傳家。維新變法前,協(xié)助康有為一起聯(lián)合在京應(yīng)試舉人發(fā)動(dòng)“公車上書”運(yùn)動(dòng),此后先后領(lǐng)導(dǎo)北京和上海的強(qiáng)學(xué)會(huì),又與黃遵憲一起辦《時(shí)務(wù)報(bào)》,任長沙時(shí)務(wù)學(xué)堂的總教習(xí),并著《變法通議》為變法做宣傳。戊戌變法失敗后,逃亡日本。晚年任清華國學(xué)研究院導(dǎo)師。他一生著述頗豐,著有《清代學(xué)術(shù)概論》《中國近三百年學(xué)術(shù)史》等,著作大多收入《飲冰室合集》。文學(xué)知識(shí)議論文議論文是一種以議論為主要表達(dá)方式,通過擺事實(shí)、講道理,直接表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)和主張的常用文體。論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證,是議論文的三要素。
預(yù)設(shè) (1)“大道”可以理解為治理社會(huì)的最高準(zhǔn)則?!按笸敝溉寮业睦硐肷鐣?huì)或人類社會(huì)的最高階段?!按蟮乐幸病笔侵笀?zhí)政者施行“大道”,老百姓便可以生活在安定和平的大同社會(huì)。(2)天下為公;選賢與能,講信修睦。(3)“大同”社會(huì)是以“五帝之世”的傳聞為依據(jù),經(jīng)過加工提煉而后構(gòu)想出來的一個(gè)理想社會(huì)的模式。意在建立一個(gè)合理的社會(huì),以消除現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)中的黑暗現(xiàn)象和不合理的地方。3.拓展延伸師:你認(rèn)為這種理想社會(huì)在當(dāng)時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)了嗎?如何理解這種思想?(生交流討論,師引導(dǎo))預(yù)設(shè) “謀閉而不興,盜竊亂賊而不作”是一種和平安定的局面,是對(duì)“大同”社會(huì)的一個(gè)總結(jié),這個(gè)理想在當(dāng)時(shí)并沒有實(shí)現(xiàn),因?yàn)樾∩a(chǎn)的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)不足以支撐“大同”社會(huì)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),還有搞陰謀、盜竊財(cái)物和作亂等奸邪之事。這種理想在當(dāng)時(shí)雖不能實(shí)現(xiàn),但它具有積極意義,是我們的精神財(cái)富。