①含義:即國家管理形式,是國家政權(quán)的組織形式②政體的必要性和重要性A、行使職能B、維護其根本利益掌握國家政權(quán)的階級為實現(xiàn)政治統(tǒng)治、行使社會管理職能,必然要采取某種形式組織政權(quán)機關(guān)。統(tǒng)治階級為維護其根本利益,總是力求采用最有效的政權(quán)組織形式。3、國體與政體的關(guān)系(板書)(1)、政體的多樣性(2)、國體與政體的關(guān)系①國體決定政體,并通過一定的政體來體現(xiàn);政體體現(xiàn)國體,并服務(wù)于特定的國體。適當(dāng)?shù)恼w能夠鞏固國體,不適當(dāng)?shù)恼w會危害國體。補充:政體由國體決定并反映國體,國體是主要的方面。但是,政體也具有一定的獨立性,影響它形成的因素主要有:歷史條件、階級力量對比、傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣、國際環(huán)境影響等。②專政政體國體與政體,即是國家制度中內(nèi)容與形式兩個方面(3)從國體、政體兩個方面看民主制國家補充:專政即是主要依靠暴力實行的統(tǒng)治,它與民主相對立,屬于國體的范疇,而專制則與法制相對立,屬于政體的范疇。
(3)、各種利益集團內(nèi)部很少有什么民主機制,大都為少數(shù)人所控制——從利益集團內(nèi)部的管理機制看;廣大群眾常常對某些組織寄予期望,投人力量,但是他們的利益卻往往得不到關(guān)注。(4)、利益集團為政府腐敗提供了肥沃的土壤。利益集團的活動方式,在很大程度上是用金錢購買政治影響力,是一種滋養(yǎng)腐敗的行為——從利益集團對政府的負面影響看。實際上,在國會議員、政府官員與利益集團之間,已經(jīng)形成一種相互依賴的共生關(guān)系。3、利益集團機制的隱蔽性、欺騙性及其實質(zhì):美國政壇中的利益集團機制,是資產(chǎn)階級控制國家機器的一種特殊形式,具有相當(dāng)強的隱蔽性和欺騙性。表面上看,利益集團是所謂的“民意代表”,向政府反映各階層、群體的觀點和利益,實質(zhì)上是資產(chǎn)階級在“民意”的幌子下控制權(quán)力。
國會一直在政治生活中居于主導(dǎo)地位;到了當(dāng)代,則是總統(tǒng)居于主導(dǎo)地位。由于司法機關(guān)無權(quán)直接支配社會力量和財富,相比之下,聯(lián)邦法院力量向來較弱。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后,由于美國一直追逐全球霸權(quán),美國總統(tǒng)的戰(zhàn)爭權(quán)力更加強化,向海外派遣軍隊的次數(shù)更加頻繁。美國人民日益覺察到這種不斷增長的“帝王般總統(tǒng)職位”可能帶來的危險。2、三權(quán)分立制的本質(zhì)——是一種資產(chǎn)階級民主制度美國的三權(quán)分立制本質(zhì)上是一種資產(chǎn)階級民主制度。二百多年的歷史經(jīng)驗表明,它有效地維護了美國資產(chǎn)階級的統(tǒng)治。但是,廣大勞動人民不可能在這種制度下享有真正的民主。雖然三大權(quán)力機關(guān)之間互相制約、平衡,卻沒有一個代表人民意志的權(quán)力機關(guān),因而不可能實現(xiàn)人民群眾的多數(shù)人統(tǒng)治?!蟊究蝾}小結(jié):◇3個3種權(quán)力:3種權(quán)力即立法權(quán)、行政權(quán)和司法權(quán);3個弊端:即三權(quán)分立原則的3 個弊端;3個中央政權(quán)機構(gòu)即立法機關(guān)、行政機關(guān)和司法機關(guān);◇2個原因:即確立三權(quán)分立原則的原因◇1個本質(zhì):即三權(quán)分立原則的本質(zhì)
2. 在探究的過程中學(xué)會從多角度解決問題。3. 學(xué)習(xí)運用比較的方法在操作中發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、獲取經(jīng)驗?;顒訙蕚洌簝蓧K大小一樣的冰塊,托盤,每人一塊冰(里面凍有一個小禮物)記錄卡每人一張,筆,毛巾,缸子,熱水,溫水,涼水,棉被,酒精燈,小錘等工具?;顒舆^程:1. 引發(fā)問題,激發(fā)幼兒探索的欲望。(1)用什么方法能讓冰塊慢點化?師:小朋友們你們看老師這有一塊冰,我不想讓這塊冰融化,請小朋友們幫老師想想辦法。
一、寫作背景2003年15日上午9時整,一艘中國的載人火箭,從酒泉的衛(wèi)星發(fā)射中心順利升空,經(jīng)過21個小時、60萬公里的繞行任務(wù)后,成功返回地球,降落在內(nèi)蒙古大草原上。這個行動的圓滿結(jié)束,向世人宣告了一個事實:繼雄霸太空40年的美國、蘇聯(lián)之后,中國已經(jīng)成為第三個太空科技國家。神舟五號載人飛船成功發(fā)射與回收,終于圓了中華民族幾千年的飛天夢。在“神五”載人飛船研制的浩大工程中,陜西多家航天科技單位做出了重要貢獻。諸如飛船的火箭發(fā)動機由航天六院提供,飛船逃逸塔動力系統(tǒng)由航天四院研制,航天時代公司的電子設(shè)備則為“神五”提供了“眼睛和耳朵”……可以說,飛船的升天,可以說祖國的航天事業(yè)是千千萬萬獻身航天科技事業(yè)的幕前幕后英雄集體智慧的結(jié)晶,正是他們共同鑄就了共和國“神箭”,是他們共同托起了華夏“神舟”。二、作家作品賈永、曹智、白瑞雪,新華社記者。
一、導(dǎo)入新課年紀稍大的中國人應(yīng)還記得,1968年春,"文革"還正如火如荼之際,毛澤東發(fā)表了一篇"五二O聲明",全國各地為此舉行了由上級組織的大規(guī)模游行。很多人應(yīng)還記得,事情同馬丁·路德·金被刺殺有關(guān),而這位馬丁·路德·金,乃是著名的美國黑人民權(quán)運動領(lǐng)袖。事過多年之后,我卻發(fā)現(xiàn),不少人居然把這位諾貝爾和平獎得主,同四百多年前那位德國宗教改革領(lǐng)袖馬丁·路德相混淆,而對他的主要主張"非暴力抵抗",更是懵然無知!1956年,在26歲的馬丁·路德·金第一次領(lǐng)導(dǎo)黑人市民,抵制蒙哥馬利市公共汽車公司的種族隔離制度時,他就舉起了"非暴力抵抗"的旗幟。他號召久被歧視的黑人群眾說:"我們要抵抗,因為自由從來不靠恩賜獲得。有權(quán)有勢的欺壓者從不會自動把自由奉獻給受壓者?!瓩?quán)利和機會,必須通過一些人的犧牲和受難才能得到。"但是,"仇恨產(chǎn)生仇恨,暴力產(chǎn)生暴力……我們要用愛的力量,去對付恨的勢力。我們的目標,絕不是擊敗或羞辱白人,正相反,我們要贏得他們的友誼和理解。"
【備課思路】本文是一篇小說。鑒賞小說的重點是要抓住小說的三要素,通過對小說中情節(jié)、人物、環(huán)境的賞析,挖掘作品的主題。而《十八歲出門遠行》又不同于傳統(tǒng)的小說,特別是小說情節(jié)的設(shè)置,極其不合常情,具有強烈的荒誕性。所以,學(xué)習(xí)這篇課文,應(yīng)以情節(jié)為閱讀的切入點,通過對作品中悖于常情,卻又合乎常理的情節(jié)的解讀,了解作品所傳達的主旨。此外,本文新奇獨特的語言,也需要在閱讀中仔細地體味。【教學(xué)目標】一、通過解讀情節(jié),把握小說的主旨。二、理解小說中有荒誕意味的描寫及其表達效果。三、揣摩精彩語句,體會小說新奇獨特的語言。四、討論小說中有關(guān)“旅店”的內(nèi)涵,明確其在文中的象征意義。【教學(xué)重點】一、把握小說的主旨,明確“旅店”的象征意義。二、理解小說中有荒誕意味的描寫及其表達效果。
【教學(xué)過程】一、導(dǎo)入:(大屏幕顯示馬克思肖像)今年的5月5日,是這位無產(chǎn)階級革命導(dǎo)師的186周年紀念日。在新世紀來臨之際,英國著名的廣播公司BBC舉辦了一次千年最偉大思想家評選活動,結(jié)果馬克思位居愛因斯坦、牛頓、達爾文等巨人之前,被評為過去千年最偉大的思想家。為什么他會獲得如此高的評價呢?因為正是這樣一位巨人,他總結(jié)了資本主義社會乃至整個人類社會的歷史發(fā)展規(guī)律,推動了無產(chǎn)階級革命進程,創(chuàng)立了偉大的馬克思主義理論。今天我們一起來學(xué)習(xí)恩格斯的《在馬克思墓前的講話》,并悼念這位無產(chǎn)階級革命的偉大導(dǎo)師。二、學(xué)生快速閱讀課文,請學(xué)生概括課文的寫作思路。明確:逝世情況——偉大貢獻——巨大影響三、具體研習(xí)課文1、分析第一部分:(下面我們具體研析課文)學(xué)生齊讀第一段,多媒體展示馬克思逝世情景。
六、結(jié)合講解和譯文,學(xué)生三讀課文,分析內(nèi)容。(一)解析第一段內(nèi)容1、請找出能體現(xiàn)厲王性格特征的詞語,說說厲王是一個什么樣的人。“虐、怒、殺”暴虐兇殘、殘忍昏庸2、正由于厲王的行動,導(dǎo)致國人怎樣?(從文中找出原句)謗王——道路以目3、“國人莫敢言”,是國人真的沉默無語,俯首聽命了嗎?沒有,而是即將“在沉默中爆發(fā)”,人民在沉默中孕育著反抗,這是高壓下的沉默,是火山噴發(fā)前的死寂。(二)瀏覽第二段本段主要是召公的諫辭。1、召公對厲王弭謗的方法有何批評?(原文)明確:是障之也。(隨后用了“防民之口,甚于防川”來說明堵塞言論的危害性。并指出“為水”的最有效的辦法是“導(dǎo)”,“為民”的最有效的辦法是“宣”。)2、古代天子聽政如何廣開言路?明確:直接的:①使公卿至于列士獻詩,②瞽獻曲,③史獻書,④師箴,⑤瞍賦,⑥曚誦,⑦百工諫。
十、教學(xué)后記:這是我實習(xí)中上的第一堂課,由于沒有經(jīng)驗,對時間的把握不好,課堂前半部分留給學(xué)生思考回答問題的時間太多了,以至于沒有完成本課時的教學(xué)內(nèi)容,對《箜篌引》、《桃花扇》、《聞官軍收河南河北》內(nèi)容的補充要留到下節(jié)課才能完成。但課堂過程中以討論和結(jié)果發(fā)布會的形式非常能調(diào)動學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性,這節(jié)課學(xué)生的參與度很高,絕大部分的同學(xué)都能積極思考,并敢于回答問題。但是在學(xué)生回答問題后,有些答案很好,也是我沒有思考到的。但是除了簡單的表揚鼓勵外,我不善于把學(xué)生的思考結(jié)果與自己的板書設(shè)計結(jié)合起來,授課過程中比較拘泥于教案,顯得不夠靈活??偟膩碚f,這節(jié)課的優(yōu)點是教態(tài)自然、大方,聲音清晰洪亮,能調(diào)動學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的積極性,不足在于時間掌握不好,拘泥于教案。
1 Each group choose one place to describe and what you are doing in it Choose one place, and describe what they are doing 2 Move around the room and give suggestions Talk about it and write it down 3 Ask one to show their works and act it Choose one of each group to make a report 4 Evaluate the best group and the best reporter Choose the best one Homework Ask your friends their ideal place and write about it教學(xué)反思:新課程標準中強調(diào)學(xué)生在課堂中的主體地位,在綜合課中他們的主體地位就更加突出。在各個活動中給不同程度的學(xué)生不同層次的任務(wù),讓各層面的學(xué)生都有表現(xiàn)發(fā)揮的機會,從而產(chǎn)生對英語的興趣。使用照片圖片多媒體來輔助教學(xué),效果更好。同時讓了解其他國家風(fēng)景,風(fēng)俗的同學(xué)介紹ideal place,增加學(xué)生的背景知知識,實現(xiàn)跨學(xué)科交流的目的。教案點評:采用任務(wù)型教學(xué)模式,在各個活動中給不同程度的學(xué)生不同層次的任務(wù),讓各層面的學(xué)生都有表現(xiàn)發(fā)揮的機會,從而產(chǎn)生對英語的興趣。使用照片圖片多媒體來輔助教學(xué),效果更好。讓了解其他國家風(fēng)景,風(fēng)俗的同學(xué)介紹ideal place,增加學(xué)生的背景知識,實現(xiàn)跨學(xué)科交流的目的。
Teaching Goal:1. General aims:Talk about recent past events2. Particular aims:A. Language Focus.Talk about recent past events and think of the past events.B. Language goalsHow was….?It was …What did …do over the weekend?C. Language structures:(1). How was your weekend? I was great. Pay attention to no form.(2). What did you do over the weekend? I played soccer. We went to the beach.D. Useful words and phrases:Words: was, did, went, beach, over, project, test, wasn’t, false, number, geography, spend, week, most, mixture, their, had, little, cook, read, saw, change, everyone, sit, sat, no, anythingPhrases: did one’s homework, played soccer, cleaned my room, went to the beach, played tennis, went to the movies, on Saturday morning, over the weekend, cook … for, what about, do some reading, have a party, talk show, go shoppingE. Grammar language:Present simple past tenseRegular and irregular verbsF. Learning strategies:Tour and holidaysG. Interdiscipinary:H. Emotion and manner:Teaching time: 5 periodsTeaching procedures:Period One教學(xué)步驟、時間 教師活動 學(xué)生活動 媒體應(yīng)用Step 1Free talk 3’ Ask some questions like:Who’s on duty today?What’s the weather like? Answer and talk about something.讓同學(xué)們回答下列問題1. Do you like weekend? (Let some students answer)It takes them three minutes to talk about the question.2. Why do you like weekend? (let the students answer) Most of the students like the weekend此時教師用漢語問:“在周末期間問你干了什么?這句話用英語這么回答?Let the students guess.At last the teacher give them right answer3. What did you do over the weekend?(板書、學(xué)習(xí))
Period 2 (3a----Section B 2c)Preview(Pre-task): Key points: What laAdd another information about their pen pals----their language on the cardnguage does she/he speak?She/He speaks....Does she/he have any brothers and sisters? Does she/he speak English?Preview(Pre-task): Add another information about their pen pals----their language on the cardKey points: What language does she/he speak?She/He speaks....Does she/he have any brothers and sisters? Does she/he speak English?Step 1 Revision1.Revisionand dictation of the new words 2.Revise the drills they learned yesterday.(by pairwork and grammar exercise)Step 2 Leading-inT has a conversation with one student. The conversation is following:---Do you have a pen pal?---Yes, I do.---What's your pen pal's name? ---His/Her name is....---Where is your pen pal from? ---He/She is from...---Where does he/she live? ---He/She lives in....---What language does he/she speak?He/She speaks...Write the new words on the Bb. They are following: EnglishChineseJapaneseFrenchStep 3 LearnLearn the new words with the whole class.Finish 3a with the students3b Pairwork T still does an example with one student Then the Ss practise in pairs. The example is following:--Curry Muray is my pen pal. He is from the United States.---What language does he speak?
Don’t fight. =You can’t fight. (板書,教讀)教師把這些句子板書在黑板上,并請學(xué)生大聲整齊地讀祈使句和“can’t”句型,并讓學(xué)生注意兩種句型表達形式的不同和轉(zhuǎn)換,“Don’t …=You can’t…”;并對學(xué)生說:These are our school rules. (板書,教讀) You can’t break the school rules. Don’t break the school rules.(板書,教讀)步驟3 :Practicea. T: Now, each of the students is breaking one of these rules.Please finish 1a.學(xué)生看圖,完成1a的內(nèi)容,檢查答案并大聲朗讀校規(guī)。b. 聽錄音,完成1b,選出四位學(xué)生都違反了哪條校規(guī);聽之前,學(xué)生要讀會英文名。c. 請兩位學(xué)生朗讀1c部分的句型;要求學(xué)生兩人一組對話表演,SA扮演外校轉(zhuǎn)來新生,SB告知本校校規(guī)。(學(xué)生可經(jīng)過討論,多說出他們想到的校規(guī),不必只限于書上;教師應(yīng)給予幫助)2) 第二課時(2a~4)步驟1 :warming up of revisionT: What are the rules at your school?學(xué)生使用“can”或祈使句表達各條校規(guī);其中老師可引出“eat in the cafeteria outside”的表達。步驟2 :Practicea.T: Christina is an exchange student. She doesn’t know the rules. Let’s listen, what activities they’re talking about?學(xué)生聽第一遍時,完成2a;第二遍時,完成2b;b. 請學(xué)生領(lǐng)讀2c部分,看著2a完成的表格,理解2c活動的要求;分成小組針對2a進行問答;
三、教學(xué)建議第一課時:1. Lead in (Vocabulary)A) Before class, teacher should collect some pictures of working places. For example: Bank, TV Station, Restaurant, Police Station, Hospital ...B) In class, show students the pictures (PowerPoint, OHP). Ask students to tell the name of the working places and the name of the jobs.Shop assistant, doctor, actor, reporter, police office, waiter, bank clerk, studentC) Do exercise 1a and 3a.2. Bingo GameAsk groups of students to make up pairs of cards with a job on one and the related workplace on the other. For example, waiter / restaurant, teacher / school, doctor / hospital. Encourage students to use both the job / workplace combinations in the book and the ones that students came up during class discussions. Be sure they have twice as many sets of cards as there are students in the group. They can make two sets of cards for a single job / workplace, if necessary. Then have each group mix up its set of cards and hand their cards out in random order. Each time a student gets a pair of cards that match, he or she can lay these cards down. The goal is to have no cards in your hand at the end.3. Task OneA) Ask students to work in pairs and ask the partner what does he / she want to be in the future.e. g. :What do you / does he / does she want to be?I want to be a.Why?Because it's (adj).B) Vocabulary: Section B, 1a4. Homework 1.2.
單元整體說明(一)單元教材分析本單元的核心話題是描述動物和表達個人喜好,以及句式why do you like…? Because…。這也是本單元的教學(xué)重點。通過本單元的學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生應(yīng)能較流利地運用所學(xué)詞匯和句型描述動物,表達個人喜好。(二)單元知識結(jié)構(gòu)1.詞匯動物名稱 tiger, elephant, koala, dolphin, etc.詞匯描述性形容詞: smart, cute, ugly, clever, shy, etc.國家名: Australia, South Africa2.句型Why do you like koala hears? Because they are cute.Where are pandas from? They're from China.What animals do you like? I like dolphins.(三)單元整體目標1.Master the vocabulary2.Master and use: Why do you like koalas? Because they am cute.Where are pandas from? They're from China.What animals do you like? I like dolphins.(四)單元教學(xué)重難點一覽(五)單元學(xué)情分析學(xué)生此前已經(jīng)學(xué)過由why, where, what 引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句句型,具有了學(xué)習(xí)本單元知識的認知前提。形形色色的動物能激發(fā)學(xué)生的好奇心,產(chǎn)生了解它們的欲望,這有利于本單元知識的教學(xué)和學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣的培養(yǎng)。
1. First, ... then, ... next, ... finally, ...首先,……然后,……接著,……最后,……這是英語中表達做某事的步驟的一種說法。如果步驟較多,還可以說:first-next-after that-later on-finally/at last通常你會聽到說英語國家的人在說 first, next, then, finally 和后面的內(nèi)容時,他們會做一些停頓。這樣就能提前告訴聽者接下來講的是一系列的步驟。這一點在朗讀和聽力中應(yīng)特別注意。2. how many, how much均為疑問詞,同是“多少”,但用法不同。請看:how many修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),how much修飾不可數(shù)名詞。但在用法上,同學(xué)們常犯如下錯誤:1) [誤] How many are there bananas on the table?[正] How many bananas are there on the table?[析] how many, how much 中的many,much是形容詞,常修飾名詞作定語,故后面跟名詞。2) [誤]How much tea are there on the table?[正]How much tea is there on the table?[析] how much修飾不可數(shù)名詞時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。how many與how much的區(qū)別可簡記為:前how many:問“多少”,復(fù)數(shù)名詞后面跑;how much問“多少”,不可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)好。前者答語用基數(shù)詞,后者答語用數(shù)量關(guān)系。
“Go for it!” is based on “Task-Based Language Teaching”. It adheres to “The authenticity principle”, “The form-function principle”, “The task dependency principle” and “The principle of learning by doing”. These principles all accord with the demands of curriculum focus.In and of Grade Seven (II), “Go for it!”, students have learned “The Simple Past Tense”. And it appears again in of Grade Eight (I). teaches students more about how to talk about events in the past. In addition, it gives affirmative and negative statements in the past tense, such as the sentence patterns “Did you see …?” “Were there …?” “Did you go …?” As the first part of Unit 8, Section A opens with a picture presenting the last school trip in the aquarium and continues with several step-by-step practice activities, which are all good for students to master “The Simple Past Tense”. Doing well in Section A will help students integrate the new target language with that in Section B. Thus, they can describe the events in the past freely and foster their own ability of reflecting and practicing. II. Teaching ObjectivesTeaching objective is the beginning and aim of teaching activities. According to the overall goal of the English elementary course--- improve students' synthetic ability of language application, which should be based on the development of students’ “Language knowledge”, “Language skills”, “Character building”, “Learning strategies” and “Cross-cultural awareness”. The teaching objectives are described as follows(I). Knowledge objectivesi. Master the simple past tense of regular and irregular verbsii. Recite the new words and expressions about the last school trip in the aquarium, including their pronunciation and intonation
Teaching goals : 1. Words & phrases: babysit ,get back , fishing , rent , think about , decide(on) , tourist etc. 2. How to talk about future plans . 3. 現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來計劃或行動. 4. 特殊疑問句(where , when , how long引導(dǎo)) Important and difficult points : Drills :What are you doing for vacation ? I’m watching TV . When are you going ? I’m going … . How long are you staying ? We’re staying for five days . Teaching aids : cards and a tape ,a large wall calendar . Period 1 Teaching procedures : Step 1Leading in1. Free talk . 2. Put up the wall calendar . T: I’m staying home on Saturday (pointing to next Saturday ).Ss repeat . Ss: I’m staying home on Saturday . T: OK. Today we’ll learn how to talk about future plans. Step 2Pre-task SB Page 13 , 1a . 1. Look at the picture carefully and tell what you see in the picture . 2. Write the activities from the pictures in the box and add some more . 3. Practice reading . Step 3While-task1. Using the activities we write in 1a to make conversations .For example :What are you doing for vacation ? I’m visiting my uncle . 2. Pairwork .Practice in pairs . 3. 用第三人稱練習(xí)對話.
1 交通工具的比較此活動為小組活動。學(xué)生通過討論找出到達某一城市可乘坐的各種交通工具,并選擇最佳出行方式。Teacher:We’re going to Shanghai. How many ways can we use to get there? Yes, there are four ways: by bus, by plane, by train, by ship. Please discuss how you are going to get there.操作建議:(1)學(xué)生以小組為單位展開活動,談?wù)摫窘M所選擇的交通工具。(2)各組選代表向全班匯報,闡述本組所選擇的交通工具的利和弊。完成任務(wù)所需要的語言結(jié)構(gòu):We can go there by ship. It’s more comfortable and cheaper than any other transportation.We can go there by bus. It’s cheaper but it takes longer time.2 哪個城市更合適?此活動具有挑戰(zhàn)性。假設(shè)中國要舉行2014年世界杯足球賽,分別從歷史,人文,天氣等方面對各城市(北京,大連,上海,昆明)進行比較,選擇最佳舉辦城市。T: Imagine China is holding the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Which city do you think is the best for the World Cup, Beijing, Dalian, Shanghai or Kunming? Let’s work in groups. If you choose Beijing, please join the Team Red. If you chose Dalian, please join the Team White. If you choose Shanghai, please join the Team Blue. If you choose Kunming, please join the Team Green. Please show us its advantages. Then let’s see which team will win.