第二次世界大戰(zhàn)終于落下了帷幕,但人們所希望的真正和平并未降臨。美國(guó)、蘇聯(lián)這對(duì)戰(zhàn)時(shí)的盟友很快變成了“冷戰(zhàn)“的對(duì)手?!薄袄鋺?zhàn)”為什么會(huì)爆發(fā)呢?史學(xué)家們從以下四個(gè)不同角度進(jìn)行了分析:[角度一]美國(guó)當(dāng)時(shí)擁有最強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)與軍事實(shí)力,確立了稱(chēng)霸世界的全球戰(zhàn)略,日益把蘇聯(lián)看作其稱(chēng)霸全球的主要障礙,企圖遏制蘇聯(lián)。[角度二] 蘇聯(lián)為反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利做出了重大貢獻(xiàn),國(guó)際威望大大提高,并且軍事力量大大加強(qiáng),能與美國(guó)抗衡。戰(zhàn)后,蘇聯(lián)把確保東西部邊界安全作為國(guó)家的首要利益,在自己的周邊建立“安全帶”,努力擴(kuò)大自己在世界上的影響,推行大國(guó)沙文主義(即征服和奴役其他民族的思想和主張。)
公元前8世紀(jì),羅馬城逐步建立起來(lái)。公元前509年,羅馬建立了共和國(guó)。之后,逐步征服了意大利半島。公元前49年,凱撒奪取政權(quán)。公元前27年,屋大維開(kāi)始獨(dú)攬國(guó)家大權(quán),羅馬共和國(guó)被羅馬帝國(guó)取代。到了2世紀(jì),羅馬帝國(guó)成為地跨歐亞非三大洲的帝國(guó)。1世紀(jì),基督教產(chǎn)生于巴勒斯坦一帶。在西歐長(zhǎng)期動(dòng)亂的過(guò)程中,基督教會(huì)乘機(jī)擴(kuò)大勢(shì)力和影響,教皇和教會(huì)不僅是西歐最大的土地所有者,還是西歐封建制度的精神支柱。3世紀(jì)起,羅馬帝國(guó)爆發(fā)了全面危機(jī)。395年,羅馬帝國(guó)分裂為東、西兩部分。476年,西羅馬帝國(guó)被日耳曼人滅亡,西歐開(kāi)始進(jìn)入封建社會(huì)。6世紀(jì),東羅馬帝國(guó)四處征伐,帝國(guó)日益衰落。1453年,君士坦丁堡被土軍攻陷,東羅馬帝國(guó)滅亡。 ——摘編自人教版《世界歷史?9年級(jí)上冊(cè)》
材料一:“華盛頓,異人也。起事勇于勝?gòu)V,割據(jù)雄于曹劉,既已提三尺劍,開(kāi)疆萬(wàn)里,乃不僭位號(hào)、不傳子孫,而創(chuàng)為推舉之法,幾于天下為公,骎骎乎三代之遺意?!? ——摘自華盛頓紀(jì)念塔內(nèi)的碑文材料二:1862年9月,林肯頒布了《解放黑人奴隸宣言》,規(guī)定從1863年元旦起,廢除叛亂諸州的奴隸制,并允許奴隸作為自由人參加北方軍隊(duì)。 ——摘自《世界歷史》九年級(jí)上冊(cè)
材料 當(dāng)代國(guó)學(xué)大師南懷瑾說(shuō):中國(guó)文化歷史,在秦漢以前,主要是儒、墨、道三家,籠罩了全部的文化思想。到唐宋以后,換了一家,成為儒釋道三家,這三家又籠罩著中國(guó)文化思想。佛學(xué)像百貨店,有錢(qián)有閑,可去逛逛,逛了買(mǎi)東西也可,根本不逛也可,但社會(huì)需要它;道家像藥店,它包括了兵家、縱橫家的思想,乃至天文、地理、醫(yī)藥,一個(gè)國(guó)家、民族生病,非去這個(gè)藥店不可;儒家的孔孟思想像糧店,是天天要吃的,要深切了解中國(guó)文化歷史的演變、將來(lái)怎么辦,就要研究四書(shū)。
材料一 一九一七年的俄國(guó)革命,是二十世紀(jì)中世界革命的先聲?!妒竦膭倮凡牧隙绹?guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間,路易(法國(guó)國(guó)王路易十六)援助美國(guó)并非他熱愛(ài)民主起義,而是由于他畏懼且憎恨英國(guó)。他幫助美國(guó),支持自由事業(yè),可這卻成為壓倒法國(guó)的最后一塊巨石,法國(guó)已徹底倒閉了。 ——海斯·穆恩·韋蘭《全球通史》(1)材料一中的“俄國(guó)革命”指的是哪一事件?(1 分)如何理解“俄國(guó)革命是二十世紀(jì)中世界革命的先聲”?(1 分)(2)材料二中,為什么說(shuō)美國(guó)的獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是一次“民主起義”?(1 分)(3)結(jié)合法國(guó)大革命的有關(guān)知識(shí),指出法國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)存在的壓倒它自身的一塊“巨石”。(1 分)(4)結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí),請(qǐng)從政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)兩個(gè)角度,分析18 世紀(jì)后半期英國(guó)被法國(guó)“畏懼且憎恨”的原因。(2 分)
38.各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展并非一帆風(fēng)順。閱讀下列材料,結(jié)合所學(xué)知識(shí),回答下列相關(guān)問(wèn)題。材料一:1992年,一位創(chuàng)立了中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義理論的世紀(jì)偉人,針對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)有些人擔(dān)心實(shí)行改革開(kāi)放會(huì)使中國(guó)“走上資本主義道路”的困惑,發(fā)表了重要談話(huà)。談話(huà)中他強(qiáng)調(diào),“發(fā)展才是硬道理”、“改革開(kāi)放的膽子要大一些”、“市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)不等于資本主義,社會(huì)主義也有市場(chǎng)”,明確提出了判斷是非的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?!ń贪姘四昙?jí)下冊(cè)材料二:在某種意義上,有人說(shuō),他挽救了市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)不是說(shuō)沒(méi)有毛病,出了一些毛病。在20世紀(jì)30年代的時(shí)候,他引進(jìn)了一些新政,然后使市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)又回到一個(gè)比較健康發(fā)展的軌道……開(kāi)創(chuàng)了市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的新模式。在這種模式中,市場(chǎng)的作用和政府的作用同時(shí)得以發(fā)揮?!洞髧?guó)崛起》解說(shuō)詞(1)材料一中,“世紀(jì)偉人”發(fā)表的“重要談話(huà)”被稱(chēng)作什么?(1分)“中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義理論”在祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一大業(yè)方面出現(xiàn)了什么創(chuàng)新制度?(1分)哪次會(huì)議揭開(kāi)了“改革開(kāi)放”的序幕?(1分)(2)材料二中的“他”是誰(shuí)?(1分)“他”開(kāi)創(chuàng)的“市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)新模式”為資本主義國(guó)家的發(fā)展提供了怎樣的范例?(1分)
【甲】環(huán)滁皆山也。其西南諸峰,林壑尤美,望之蔚然而深秀者,瑯琊也。山行六七里,漸聞水聲潺潺而瀉出于兩峰之間者,釀泉也。峰回路轉(zhuǎn),有亭翼然臨于泉上者,醉翁亭也。作亭者誰(shuí)?山之僧智仙也。名之者誰(shuí)?太守自謂也。太守與客來(lái)飲于此,飲少輒醉,而年又最高,故自號(hào)曰醉翁也。醉翁之意不在酒,在乎山水之間也。山水之樂(lè),得之心而寓之酒也。
終于,一塊巨石立在我們面前。幾個(gè)威嚴(yán)的大字,赫然入目:老山界。這里是1934年11月,紅軍長(zhǎng)征經(jīng)過(guò)慘烈的湘江之戰(zhàn)后,翻越的第一座大山。當(dāng)年翻越這座山的陸定一,記下了這段難忘的經(jīng)歷。于是,一篇美文《老山界》進(jìn)入了共和國(guó)的中小學(xué)課本,激勵(lì)著一代代國(guó)人在人生的道路上奮勇前行。為紀(jì)念革命先輩,為宣傳紅軍精神,傍著這座山的東安、新寧、城步三地,都立有老山界的碑石。
YangHongwei, 56, was born into a kite-making family in Weifang. When she was young,she often saw kites with bright colors and different shapes in hergrandfather’s workshop.
In the large yard stood thirteen trees ofdifferent sizes. One day, while Joey was playing with his sister under thetrees, he noticed that a tree trunk (樹(shù)干) had a sad look. He raninto the house to tell his mom about it. She told Joey to find the reason whyit was sad.
As a boy, Kevin visited national parks and helearned the Earth is in ___12___ condition. He felt worried, and hewanted to ___13___ the Earth. In 2009, he went to swim in water nearNorth Pole(北極)todraw people’s attention to the melting glaciers(融化的冰川).
Long ago, a poor old couple lived on the coast.One day, an old storyteller came to their village. The old couple gave him ameal. In return, he gave them a coffee mill (磨粉機(jī))and said, “Say, ‘Mill, please grind (磨粉)’,”
In the large yard stood thirteen trees ofdifferent sizes. One day, while Joey was playing with his sister under thetrees, he noticed that a tree trunk (樹(shù)干) had a sad look. He raninto the house to tell his mom about it. She told Joey to find the reason whyit was sad.
As a boy, Kevin visited national parks and helearned the Earth is in ___12___condition. He felt worried, and he wanted to ___13___ the Earth. In 2009, he went to swim in waternear North Pole(北極)todraw people’s attention to the melting glaciers(融化的冰川).
The app — called Sit With Us — is ___15___. If a student is having lunch in the afternoon,he or she can create an invitation. Other students can open the app and ___16___ that invitation. They can then use the app todecide when and where to ___17___.
Thinking that her dream could never come true,Kelly was in low spirits and ____18____ her studies at school. Hermother did all she could to cheer her up, ____19____ Kelly refused tochange. She even took out all her anger and ____20____ on her mother.
At the age of nine, Kelly dreamed of being abasketball player. But one day when she was playing basketball, she hurt herleft leg ____16____.
Antarctica lies in the most southern part of theworld. It is the coldest area on Earth. There isn’t much rain, but there is alot of snow and wind. The lowest temperature was on 21 July in 1983 at -89.2℃!
During 1907-1909, British explorer EarnestShackleton explored Antarctica on foot. In 1911, two explorers—a British mannamed Scott and a Norwegian named Amundsen—raced 1, 400 kilometres to the SouthPole (南極).Amundsen arrived first.
I joineda band (樂(lè)隊(duì))as a drummer in my middle school. I thought itwould be fun playing the drum and meeting new friends. At first it was easy,but a month later, it got difficult. I was the only one who couldn’t keep pace (節(jié)奏)with the other players. Our teacher,Angie, singled me out to keep practicing while everyone else got to relax. Ifelt ashamed (羞愧的)as my teammates watched me fail so many times.Finally I got so tired of practicing that I didn’t care about doing it right.