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人教版高中語文必修1《再別康橋》教案2篇
教學過程：一、交流誦讀課文技巧?！?jié)奏、韻腳、感情……（5分鐘）二、再讀確定自己的學習主題（15分）1、主題提示：音樂美、繪畫美、建筑美簡介詩歌“三美”追求聞一多先生是我國現(xiàn)代文學史上集詩人、學者和斗士于一身的重要詩人。他不但致力于新詩藝術美的探索，提出了音樂美、繪畫美、建筑美的詩歌\"三美\"的新格律詩理論主張，還努力進行創(chuàng)作實踐，寫出了許多精美詩篇。他的新格律詩理論被后人稱為現(xiàn)代詩學的奠基石，影響深遠。《詩的格律》是聞一多先生系列詩論中最重要的一篇。在這篇論文中，他系統(tǒng)的提出\"詩的實力不獨包括音樂的美（音節(jié)）、繪畫的美（詞藻），并且還有建筑的美（節(jié)的勻稱和句的均齊）。\"這一關于新詩\"三美\"主張遂成為新格律詩派的理論綱領。
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 2 Travelling Around-Reading and Thinking教案
Good expressions that students can choose to use: help the travelers choose which tour to take1. In my opinion, you could/might choose…, because you prefer to…2. …could be a perfect choice for you, for…3. As far as I am concerned, you would enjoy…, for…4. …would probably suit you, because you enjoy/love/hate doing…Step 5 Passage ConsolidationLanguage appreciation:1. You can then spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals unique to the rainforest. 在接下來的三天里，您可以在當?shù)貙в蔚呐阃?，深入雨林進行探索，欣賞雨林特有的動植物。本句主體結(jié)構(gòu)為spend some time doing sth. 2. Inca builders cut stones to exact sizes so that nothing was needed to hold walls together other than the perfect fit of the stones. 印加的建筑工人將石頭切割成精確的尺寸，僅僅憑著石頭間的完美契合，即可穩(wěn)固墻體。本句為so that引導的結(jié)果狀語從句。nothing與the perfect fit為并列成分; other than在句中意為“除了”。Step 6 HomeworkSuppose you will travel to Peru, write a short essay about your three-day tour plan.
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Reading and Thinking教案一
The theme of the reading and thinking is about “Understanding how a problem was solved”.The Listening & Speaking & Talking is about international co-work to protect the Mount Tai, in which the students from seven countries came up with many solutions even create the Mount Tai App. This section aims at showing how to solve a difficult and even tough problem about protecting the cultural heritage by the international co-work. So in this section, cultivating students’ international awareness is very clear and important. Concretely, with the economic development, how to balance the protection of cultural relics and social development is a big challenge for human. In the 1950s, the Egyptian government wanted to build the Aswan Dam across the Nile to control floods, produce electricity and water farms. But the proposal led to protests because it would destroy a lot of cultural relics. The Egyptian had no choice but ask the UN for help. Therefore, a international cooperation about how to protect the cultural relics began, which involved the time length about 20 years and a large amount of fund. Then, the problems was solved. 1. Read quickly to get the main idea and the structure of the article; read careful to get detailed information.2. Learn to use the reading strategy---making a timeline3. Learn how to solve a tough problem by asking for help and cooperation4. Have the international awareness and understand the great strength of international cooperation.1. Read quickly to get the main idea and the structure of the article; read careful to get detailed information.2. Learn to use the reading strategy---making a timeline.3. Learn how to solve a tough problem by asking for help and cooperation.
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 2 Travelling Around-Discovering Useful Structure教案
（5）be to do （可以和具體的時間狀語連用）①表示按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作。②用于時間、條件狀語從句中，表示“如果要……，想要……”。The students are to meet at the school gate tomorrow. 明天學生們將在學校大門口集會。 If you are to succeed, you must work as hard as possible. 如果你想要成功，比必須努力工作。（6）be about to do （不與具體的時間狀語連用） 表示即將要發(fā)生的動作。We are about to start. 我們就要出發(fā)了。The new school year is about to begin. 新學年開學在即。（7）一般現(xiàn)在時表將來①表示按時間表規(guī)定將要發(fā)生的動作。常限于表示位置移動的短暫性動詞。②在時間、條件或讓步狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18:20. 你看看時刻表，快點！4026次航班的起飛時間是下午6點20分。Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour. 簡很匆忙，因為去機場的火車半小時后出發(fā)。
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 2 Travelling Around–Listening and Speaking教案
無論她說什么都不會對我們的安排有影響。Answers: for, arrangement3) Parents arrange everything for their children and spare no effort to pave the way for their success.父母為孩子安排好一切，不遺余力地為他們的成功鋪路。4. extremely adv 極其，非常extreme adj 非常的1) Mary found it extremely difficult to get a job.2) I’m extremely sorry to have troubled you.Answers:瑪麗發(fā)現(xiàn)找工作極其困難。給你添了麻煩，我十分抱歉。3) It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved _________ (extreme) popular with the public.它有白色的隧道和明亮的紅色車廂，結(jié)果證明它非常受大眾的歡迎。Answers: extremelyExercises1. I am continuing to apply_______ jobs though I have failed several times.2. All this had an _______ (extremely) bad effect on the criminal justice system.3. The invention would have wide ______ (apply) in industry.4. She’s happy with her unusual living _________ (arrange).5. I was banging so loudly that I’m ___________ (amaze) that they didn’t hear me.6. You haven’t changed at all you still look ___________ (exact) the same.7. “Was it what you expected?” “Yes, _________ (definite).”8. He was looking forward to______ (work) with the newPrime Minister. Answers: for extreme application arrangement amazed exactly definitely looking單句寫作：1. _______________ (你要說些什么) when you get on the platform to accept the reward?2. Since_____________________(我們?yōu)檫@些事情做好了準備), we have nothing to worry about.
新人教版高中英語必修1Unit 2 Travelling Around-Reading for Writing教案
Is there a clear purpose for the trip? :Does each paragraph have a clear main idea? Does the writer use the present continuous tense for future plans?Does the writer use commas, stops, and question marks correctly? Are all the words spelt correctly?Are all the proper nouns capitalized?Revise your draft according to your partner's comments.Step 5:The summary of how to write a travel plan.旅游計劃是一種常見的應用文寫作。旅游可分為觀光游、文化游、美食游及探險游等不同類型，因此旅游計劃也要根據(jù)不同的旅游目的進行設計。常規(guī)的旅游計劃需要明確以下幾個方面的問題:Travel planWhen will you leave for？ Where is your the destination?How will you get there?What will you do there?How long will you there?Is there a clear purpose for the trip? 為了提升旅行計劃的層級，還需注意以下幾個方面的問題:1.每段是否有明確清晰的主題;2.用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時；3.用更高級的形容詞詞匯。例如:表達“好”時，不要總用“nice”,我們還可以用“smart, clean, excellent, exciting, beautiful, wonderful, clever, famous, grand”等表達更具有指向性的詞匯；4.用更高級的動詞詞匯。比如:我們可以用“seem stand, lie .get stay, remain, look . sound, become . keep, grow”等代替"be";
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Discovering Useful Structure教案二
This theme of the part is “ Describe people or things in greater detail”. Students have learned the grammar(restrictive relative clauses) in Book 1, and further review and consolidate its structure “prep+relative pronouns(which/whom)” and the relative adverbs(when, where and why), besides students should understand its form, meaning and functions. In this section, students should be able to express the grammar correctly in daily communication and in the writing. 1. Review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses . 2. Learn to use some special cases about restrictive relative clauses.3. Learn to write sentences with restrictive relative clauses flexibly according to the context.1. Review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses .2. Learn to use some special cases about restrictive relative clauses.3. Learn tow rite sentences with restrictive relative clauses flexibly according to the context.Step 1. Observe the following sentences, and mark the relative pronouns and the adverbs. 1. After listening to the scientists who had studied the problems, and citizens who lived near the dam, the government turned to the United Nations for help.2. Temples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece, and then moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water.Step 2 PracticePlease complete these sentences with relative pronouns and relative adverbs and answer the following questions.Questions: 1. What is the head noun ?2. What relative words should be used ?3. What elements do they act in these sentences ?
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Discovering Useful Structure教案一
This teaching period mainly deals with grammar “restrictive relative clauses.” To begin with, teachers should lead students to revise what they have learned about the relative pronouns and relative adverbs. And then, teachers move on to stress more special cases concerning this grammar, such as the “preposition+ relative pronouns which and whom” and cases where we can omit the relative pronouns. This period carries considerable significance to the cultivation of students’ writing competence and lays a solid foundation for the basic appreciation of language beauty. The teacher is expected to enable students to master this period thoroughly and consolidate the knowledge by doing some exercises. 1. Guide students to review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses.2. Lead students to learn to use some special cases concerning restrictive relative clauses flexibly.2. Enable students to use the basic phrases structures flexibly.3. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.1. Help students to appreciate the function of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses in a sentence2. Instruct students to write essays using the proper relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses.本節(jié)語法思考：定語從句在復合句中的作用是什么？ 關系詞有哪些？定語從句在復合句中的作用相當于形容詞，它在句中作定語修飾名詞或代詞。他們在先行詞和定語從句之間起到聯(lián)系作用，同時在意義上代表先行詞并在定語從句中擔任一個成分。被定語從句所修飾的詞稱先行詞，定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Listening＆Speaking＆Talking教案
Listening and Speaking introduces the topic of “Take part in a youth project”. The listening text is an interview about an international youth cultural heritage protection project. More than 20 high school students from seven countries participated in the project. The reporter interviewed two participants Stephanie and Liu Bin. By listening to the text, students can understand the significance of cultural heritage protection, and teenagers can use their knowledge, combine their own interests and advantages, etc. to participate in the action of cultural heritage protection. Listening and Talking introduces the theme of "Talk about history and culture". The listening text is a dialogue between two tourists and tour guides when they visit the Kremlin, red square and surrounding buildings. The dialogue focuses on the functional items of "starting a conversation", which is used to politely and appropriately attract the attention of the others, so as to smoothly start a conversation or start a new topic. The purpose of this section is to guide students to understand the history and current situation of Chinese and foreign cultural heritage in their own tourism experiences or from other people's tourism experiences, explore the historical and cultural values, and be able to express accurately and appropriately in oral communication.1. Guide students to understand the content of listening texts in terms of the whole and key details; 2. Cultivate students' ability to guess the meaning of words in listening; discuss with their peers how to participate in cultural heritage protection activities.3. Instruct students to use functional sentences of the dialogue such as “I beg your pardon, but…” “Forgive me for asking, but…" and so on to start the conversation more politely and appropriately.
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Reading and Thinking教案二
1. This section focuses on "Understanding how a problem was solved”, which is aimed to guide students to analyze and discuss the challenges and problems faced by cultural heritage protection during the construction of Aswan Dam, as well as the solutions. On the basis of understanding, students should pay attention to the key role of international cooperation in solving problems, and attach importance to the balance and coordination between cultural heritage protection and social and economic development. Students are encouraged to face challenges actively, be good at cooperation, and make continuous efforts to find reasonable ways and means to solve problems.2. Enable students to understand the main information and text structure of the reading text;3. Motivate students to use the reading strategy "make a timeline" according to the appropriate text genre;4. Enable students to understand how a problem was solved;5. Enable students to understand the value of protecting cultural heritage by teamwork and global community;1. Guide students to pay attention to reading strategies, such as prediction, self-questioning and scanning.2. Help students sort out the topic language about protecting cultural relics and understand the narrative characteristics of "time-event" in illustrative style3. Lead students to understand the value of protecting cultural heritage by teamwork and global community;
新人教版高中英語必修2Unit 1 Cultural Heritage-Reading For Writing教案
This report is short, concise and has typical news content and language features. The title uses the verb phrases, embodying the characteristics of being concise and general. The introduction is the first two sentences in the first paragraph, describing the general situation of the cultural heritage protection project, including time, place, characters, events and other news elements, so that readers can see the main points of the news report at a glance. The main body is the second and third paragraphs, which report the important historical and cultural value of Mogao Grottoes and the production of Mogao Grottoes Material digital photos, which are of great significance to the inheritance of historical culture and the promotion of international cultural understanding, exchange and cooperation. Direct citation is used in the report, as well as background introduction and other news writing techniques.1. Get students to have a good understanding of some features about a news report by reading the text.2. Instruct students to write a summary about a news report properly using some newly acquired writing skills in this period.3. Develop students’ writing and cooperating abilities.4. Strengthen students’ great interest in writing discourses.1. Stimulate students to have a good understanding of how to a summary about a news report 2. Cultivate students to write a news report properly and concisely.Step 1: Lead in Do you think it is necessary for us to circulate our cultural heritage to the world? Why or why not?Do we need to learn more about other countries’ cultural heritage? Why or why not?Step 2: Read to discover details concerning the main body of the news report.
人教版高中歷史必修3宋明理學教案2篇
二、程朱理學：1、宋代“理學”的產(chǎn)生：（1）含義：所謂“理學”，就是用“理學”一詞來指明當時兩宋時期所呈現(xiàn)出來的儒學。廣義的理學，泛指以討論天道問題為中心的整個哲學思潮，包括各種不同的學派；狹義的理學，專指程顥、程頤、朱熹為代表的，以“理”為最高范疇的學說，稱為“程朱理學”。理學是北宋政治、社會、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的理論表現(xiàn)，是中國古代哲學長期發(fā)展的結(jié)果，是批判佛、道學說的產(chǎn)物。他們把“理”或“天理”視作哲學的最高范疇，認為理無所不在，不生不滅，不僅是世界的本原，也是社會生活的最高準則。在窮理方法上，程顥“主靜”，強調(diào)“正心誠意”；程頤“主敬”，強調(diào)“格物致知”。在人性論上，二程主張“去人欲，存天理”，并深入闡釋這一觀點使之更加系統(tǒng)化。二程學說的出現(xiàn)，標志著宋代“理學”思想體系的正式形成?！竞献魈骄俊克未袄韺W”興起的社會條件：
人教版高中語文必修5《裝在套子里的人》教案
三、解題和介紹創(chuàng)作背景。"裝在套子里的人"是指生活和思想上都有某種框框，不敢越雷池一步的人，小說中的主人公就是這樣一個人物，他是沙皇專制主義的產(chǎn)物。現(xiàn)在，別里科夫已成為頑固守舊，害怕變革，阻礙社會發(fā)展的人的代名詞。我們學習這篇課文，必須把握創(chuàng)作的時代背景：19世紀末期的俄國正是農(nóng)奴制度崩潰、資本主義迅速發(fā)展、沙皇專制極端反動和無產(chǎn)階級革命逐漸興起的時期。沙皇政府面臨著日益高漲的革命形勢，極力加強反動統(tǒng)治，沙皇政府的忠實衛(wèi)道士，也極力維護沙皇的反動統(tǒng)治，仇視和反對一切社會變革。作者寫這篇小說就是為了揭露和諷刺這種人丑惡的本質(zhì)。四、結(jié)構(gòu)分析明確：故事的主要情節(jié)是別里科夫的戀愛以及最后失敗，按照情節(jié)的發(fā)展可以把課文分成三部分：（一）介紹別里科夫的外表、生活習性和思想性格（第1-4段）。（二）別里科夫與華連卡戀愛以及最后失?。ǖ?段至倒數(shù)第3段）。（三）埋葬別里科夫，但生活中還有許多"別里科夫"（最后兩段）。
人教版高中生物必修1細胞的衰老與凋亡說課稿
4、最后從生物的壽命引入，探討細胞的死亡。強調(diào)細胞死亡有兩種形式。(1).細胞壞死，它是由某些外界因素造成細胞急速死亡，是一種被動性死亡；(2).細胞凋亡，這是一種由特定基因控制的主動性死亡。細胞壞死與細胞凋亡在形態(tài)學和生物化學上有著明顯的區(qū)別。細胞凋亡有廣泛的生物學意義，比如胚胎發(fā)育期手的發(fā)育如果沒有細胞的調(diào)亡就不會有纖細的手指；如果沒有正常的細胞調(diào)亡，蝌蚪的尾部就不會消失，它將永遠不能變成青蛙……。正常的細胞調(diào)亡還肩負著維持各種組織器官固有體積和形態(tài)的功能；還會使機體內(nèi)異常的細胞得到及時清除，去處潛在的隱患；例如癌癥就是異常的細胞沒有及時死亡的結(jié)果……。因此細胞的正常死亡是生物體的一種非常重要的調(diào)節(jié)機制，是機體平衡細胞增殖，調(diào)節(jié)機體細胞樹木恒定的方式，是必不可少的生命過程。（15分鐘）5、課堂小結(jié)，可以把課堂傳授的知識盡快地轉(zhuǎn)化為學生的素質(zhì)；簡單扼要的課堂小結(jié)，可使學生更深刻地理解政治理論在實際生活中的應用，并且逐漸地培養(yǎng)學生具有良好的個性。
人教版高中語文必修3《宇宙的邊疆》教案
一、內(nèi)容與解析從古代運用天文方法確定耕作時間，到現(xiàn)代對宇宙形成演變的種種假設，對宇宙的探索，已經(jīng)成為人類生活的一部分。宇宙從何而來，向何而去，人類從何而來，向何而去，這些基本問題不僅具有科學意義，而且具有哲學的意味。以前教材中沒有出現(xiàn)過解說詞，但是在日常生活中，我們經(jīng)常接觸到各類解說詞，可以讓學生聯(lián)系實際，了解解說詞的特點；也可以找來其他科學電視片，結(jié)合視覺畫面，讓學生全面地感受解說詞的特點。二、教學目標及解析（一）教學目標1．引導學生聯(lián)系實際，了解解說詞的特點。2．引導學生了解一些有關宇宙的基礎知識。3．引導學生借助文中精辟的議論和熱烈的情感抒發(fā)，了解作者對宇宙和人類的思考，并引發(fā)自己的思考。
人教版高中歷史必修3輝煌燦爛的文學教案
一、知識與能力：（1）了解中國古代不同時期的文學特色；（2）了解、詩，詞、歌、賦等各種不同的知識內(nèi)容和形式，知道和掌握一定數(shù)量的名家作品；（3）拓寬文化視野，提高賞析和運用古代文學作品的能力。二、過程與方法：（1）通過教科書及教師提供的材料以及自己的日常積累，通過閱讀，討論，分析，評論了解各個不同時期的文學發(fā)展特色。（2）通過閱讀，觀察，練習，欣賞，表演，評論，創(chuàng)作等方式積極參與教學；通過獨立思考或合作學習對所學的內(nèi)容進行比較，概括和闡釋；學會合作學習和相互交流。三、情感態(tài)度與價值觀：通過本課學習，了解中國古代燦爛的文化。通過對文學家、詩人及其文學作品的分析，把學生帶進文學藝術的殿堂，感受古人的呼吸，思想，情操。增強文化修養(yǎng)。
人教版高中政治必修3傳統(tǒng)文化的繼承教案
◇探究提示：傳統(tǒng)文化對現(xiàn)實生活是財富還是包袱，要具體問題具體分析，不可一概而論。例如，“忠”是我國古代倫理道德的最高原則，《左傳》中的“臨患不忘國，忠也”，要人們盡自己最大努力，為維護國家利益而獻身，是積極的，對現(xiàn)實生活來說就是財富，應該提倡；而宋代的“君要臣死，臣不得不死”的封建忠君思想對現(xiàn)實生活來說是包袱，應該拋棄。2．繼承傳統(tǒng)文化的正確態(tài)度如何繼承傳統(tǒng)文化，發(fā)揮傳統(tǒng)文化的積極作用呢?正確的態(tài)度是：“取其精華，去其糟粕”，批判繼承，古為今用。面對傳統(tǒng)文化，要辯證地認識它們在現(xiàn)實生活屯的作用，分辨其中的精華和糟粕。對于傳統(tǒng)文化中符合社會發(fā)展要求的、積極向上的內(nèi)容，應該繼續(xù)保持和發(fā)揚。對于傳統(tǒng)文化中不符合社會發(fā)展要求的、落后的、腐朽的東西，必須“移風易俗”，自覺地加以改造或剔除。
人教版高中語文必修5《宇宙的未來》教案
（2）怎樣理解本文的一些相關論述？【明確】這是一篇科學講演，涉及較為復雜的背景知識。這些知識和講演的主題是密切相關的，如果不作必要的交待，講演的內(nèi)容就會顯得抽象和單薄。如，談到天氣預報、大腦工作原理都具有混沌性質(zhì)，來反襯宇宙在大尺度上是"平滑而非混沌"的；如，談到恒星的死亡（歸宿）引出黑洞，為宇宙中暗物質(zhì)的存在尋找理論支持；如，談到現(xiàn)存宇宙對初始密度的極度敏感，引出了"人擇原理"等等。這些相關的論述，或從對立面凸顯觀點，或從縱深面強化觀點，使論證豐富多彩。（3）這篇講演在語言上具有怎樣的特點？【明確】講演是面對面的交流，這種交流又是單向度的，如果不注意講演的語言藝術，就達不到最佳的表達效果。這篇講演，除了推理嚴謹外，語言幽默也是其突出的特點。幽默的語言創(chuàng)造出一種輕松愉快的氣氛，更具有親和力，使所闡發(fā)的事理更容易為聽眾接受。
人教版高中政治必修3傳統(tǒng)文化的繼承教案
思考：在我們今天的生活中，應該如何認識“孝”道？（“孝”為中華民族傳統(tǒng)道德之本。在封建社會，“孝”被異化為封建統(tǒng)治階級統(tǒng)治人民、維系政權(quán)的一個最重要的工具；一切聽命于“一家之長”的觀念，使人們往往屈從于獨斷的權(quán)威或傳統(tǒng)的家庭禮教，失去了獨立的人格。另一方面，“孝”從它本身意義出發(fā)，所包含的尊老、敬老、養(yǎng)老，以及親親、愛人、愛國，正是中華民族的一大傳統(tǒng)美德，是中華民族家庭和睦、鄰里相親、社會穩(wěn)定的重要內(nèi)在因素。因此，孝道已被列為中華傳統(tǒng)道德教育的重要內(nèi)容。）所以我們要辯證地認識傳統(tǒng)文化在現(xiàn)實生活中的作用，做到“取其精華，去其糟粕；批判繼承，古為今用”。對于傳統(tǒng)文化中符合社會發(fā)展要求的、積極的、向上的內(nèi)容，應該繼續(xù)保持和發(fā)揚。對于傳統(tǒng)文化中不符合社會發(fā)展要求的、落后的、腐朽的東西，必須“移風易俗”，自覺地加以改造或剔除。2、正確對待傳統(tǒng)文化的意義
人教版高中政治必修3世界文化的多樣性教案
五、課后反思課后組織學生討論對本課的感受，同學們都非常樂意采取這種上課方式，既可以通過資料的搜集、整理提高自身信息采集的能力，也能夠提高自己學習積極性，變枯燥為生動。本人在教學中也深深地感到：一方面，充分發(fā)揮學生的主體作用，有利于啟發(fā)同學的思維，培養(yǎng)自主思考的能力。而充分利用網(wǎng)絡的教學功能，將現(xiàn)代信息技術和學科教學很好地結(jié)合了起來。只有調(diào)動全體同學的積極性、主動性、創(chuàng)造性，我們的教學才能有生命力；另一方面，光有學生的活動也不行，雖然學生能夠積極投入地利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)搜集并動手制作課件，在課堂交流中能很好地進行發(fā)散思維和創(chuàng)造性思維，但其集中思維和抽象性思維還存在一定的缺陷，主要體現(xiàn)在對搜集的材料的取舍是以及對知識點的歸納和深化方面，所以在充分發(fā)揮學生的主體作用的同時應該也必須重視教師主導作用的發(fā)揮，引導學生由形象到抽象、由發(fā)散到集中、由演繹到歸納的思維能力的逐步提高。