2. 您能看到, 我頭發(fā)太長了。You can see that my hair is much too long.3. 無論什么時候, 只要您想回來就回來。Please come back whenever you want.4. 您僅有很少的頭發(fā)要理! You only have too little hair to cut !5. 為您服務(wù)是我的榮幸!It is my honour to serve you!Step 9 Writing(Henry is walking down the street when he sees a sign for a place that cuts hair. He decides to have it cut. )H=Henry B=BarberH: Good afternoon, I’d like to have my hair cut, if I may. (The barber looks at Henry’s hair and continues cutting another man’s hair. ) Er, I’d really like a haircut. As you can see it’s much too long. B: (in a rude manner) Yes, I can see that. Indeed, I can. H: Fine, well, I’ll have a seat then. (He sits in one of the barber’s chairs. The barber turns to look at Henry. )B: It’s quite expensive here, you know! Are you sure you can afford it?H: Yes. I think so. (After his hair is cut, the barber tells Henry how much he must pay. Henry shows the barber the bank note. )B: Why Mr. . . (looks shocked)H: Adams. Henry Adams. I’m sorry. I don’t have any change. B: Please don’t worry! (wearing a big smile) Nothing to worry about! Nothing at all! Please come back whenever you want, even if you only have too little hair to cut! It will be my honour to serve you!Step 10 Pair workExchange drafts with a partner. Use this checklist to help your partner revise his/her draft.1. Are all the elements of a play included and in good order ?2. Do the character use suitable language ?3. Are the stage directions clear and useful ?4. Is the plot clear and exciting enough ?
當(dāng)孩子們由父母陪同時,他們才被允許進(jìn)入這個運(yùn)動場。3.過去分詞(短語)作狀語時的幾種特殊情況(1)過去分詞(短語)在句中作時間、條件、原因、讓步狀語時,相當(dāng)于對應(yīng)的時間、條件、原因及讓步狀語從句。Seen from the top of the mountain (=When it is seen from the top of the mountain), the whole town looks more beautiful.從山頂上看,整個城市看起來更美了。Given ten more minutes (=If we are given ten more minutes), we will finish the work perfectly.如果多給十分鐘,我們會完美地完成這項(xiàng)工作。Greatly touched by his words (=Because she was greatly touched by his words), she was full of tears.由于被他的話深深地感動,她滿眼淚花。Warned of the storm (=Though they were warned of the storm), the farmers were still working on the farm.盡管被警告了風(fēng)暴的到來,但農(nóng)民們?nèi)栽谵r(nóng)場干活。(2)過去分詞(短語)在句中作伴隨、方式等狀語時,可改為句子的并列謂語或改為并列分句。The teacher came into the room, followed by two students (=and was followed by two students).后面跟著兩個學(xué)生,老師走進(jìn)了房間。He spent the whole afternoon, accompanied by his mom(=and was accompanied by his mom).他由母親陪著度過了一整個下午。
Step 7: complete the discourse according to the grammar rules.Cholera used to be one of the most 1.__________ (fear) diseases in the world. In the early 19th century, _2_________ an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died. But neither its cause, 3__________ its cure was understood. A British doctor, John Snow, wanted to solve the problem and he knew that cholera would not be controlled _4_________ its cause was found. In general, there were two contradictory theories 5 __________ explained how cholera spread. The first suggested that bad air caused the disease. The second was that cholera was caused by an _6_________(infect) from germs in food or water. John Snow thought that the second theory was correct but he needed proof. So when another outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, he began to investigate. Later, with all the evidence he _7_________ (gather), John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Therefore, he had the handle of the pump _8_________ (remove) so that it couldn't be used. Through his intervention,the disease was stopped in its tracks. What is more, John Snow found that some companies sold water from the River Thames that __9__________________ (pollute) by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely _10_________ (get) cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. Through John Snow's efforts, the _11_________ (threaten) of cholera around the world saw a substantial increase. Keys: 1.feared 2.when 3. nor 4.unless 5.that/which 6.infection 7.had gathered 8.removed 9.was polluted 10.to get 11. threat
Step 5: After learning the text, discuss with your peers about the following questions:1.John Snow believed Idea 2 was right. How did he finally prove it?2. Do you think John Snow would have solved this problem without the map?3. Cholera is a 19th century disease. What disease do you think is similar to cholera today?SARS and Covid-19 because they are both deadly and fatally infectious, have an unknown cause and need serious public health care to solve them urgently.keys:1. John Snow finally proved his idea because he found an outbreak that was clearly related to cholera, collected information and was able to tie cases outside the area to the polluted water.2. No. The map helped John Snow organize his ideas. He was able to identify those households that had had many deaths and check their water-drinking habits. He identified those houses that had had no deaths and surveyed their drinking habits. The evidence clearly pointed to the polluted water being the cause.3. SARS and Covid-19 because they are both deadly and fatally infectious, have an unknown cause and need serious public health care to solve them urgently.Step 6: Consolidate what you have learned by filling in the blanks:John Snow was a well-known _1___ in London in the _2__ century. He wanted to find the _3_____ of cholera in order to help people ___4_____ it. In 1854 when a cholera __5__ London, he began to gather information. He ___6__ on a map ___7___ all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had ___8____ (drink) the dirty water from the __9____ died. So he decided that the polluted water ___10____ cholera. He suggested that the ___11__ of all water supplies should be _12______ and new methods of dealing with ____13___ water be found. Finally, “King Cholera” was __14_____.Keys: 1. doctor 2. 19th 3.cause 4.infected with 5.hit 6.marked 7.where 8.drunk 9.pump 10.carried 11.source 12.examined 13.polluted 14.defeatedHomework: Retell the text after class and preview its language points
The grammar of this unit is designed to review noun clauses. Sentences that use nouns in a sentence are called noun clauses. Nominal clauses can act as subject, object, predicate, appositive and other components in compound sentences. According to the above-mentioned different grammatical functions, nominal clauses are divided into subject clause, object clause, predicate clause and appositive clause. In this unit, we will review the three kinds of nominal clauses. Appositive clauses are not required to be mastered in the optional compulsory stage, so they are not involved.1. Guide the students to judge the compound sentences and determine the composition of the clauses in the sentence.2. Instruct students to try to learn grammar by generalizing grammar rules, controlling written practice, and semi-open oral output.3. Inspire the students to systematize the function and usage of noun clause1.Instruct students to try to learn grammar by generalizing grammar rules, controlling written practice, and semi-open oral output.2.Inspire the students to systematize the function and usage of noun clauseStep1: The teacher ask studetns to find out more nominal clauses from the reading passage and udnerline the nominal clauses.
The newspaper reported more than 100 people had been killed in the thunderstorm.報(bào)紙報(bào)道說有一百多人在暴風(fēng)雨中喪生。(2)before、when、by the time、until、after、once等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的謂語是一般過去時,以及by、before后面接過去的時間時,主句動作發(fā)生在從句的動作或過去的時間之前且表示被動時,要用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)。By the time my brother was 10, he had been sent to Italy.我弟弟10歲前就已經(jīng)被送到意大利了。Tons of rice had been produced by the end of last month. 到上月底已生產(chǎn)了好幾噸大米。(3) It was the first/second/last ... time that ...句中that引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,主語與謂語構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系時,要用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)。It was the first time that I had seen the night fact to face in one and a half years. 這是我一年半以來第一次親眼目睹夜晚的景色。(4)在虛擬語氣中,條件句表示與過去事實(shí)相反,且主語與謂語構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系時,要用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)。If I had been instructed by him earlier, I would have finished the task.如果我早一點(diǎn)得到他的指示,我早就完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)了。If I had hurried, I wouldn't have missed the train.如果我快點(diǎn)的話,我就不會誤了火車。If you had been at the party, you would have met him. 如果你去了晚會,你就會見到他的。
You have no excuse for not going.你沒有理由不去。He was punished for not having finished his homework.他因未完成作業(yè)而受到懲罰。2.動詞ing形式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由物主代詞或人稱代詞賓格、名詞所有格或普通格加動詞ing,即“sb./sb.'s+doing”構(gòu)成。動詞ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上是給動詞ing形式加了一個邏輯主語。動詞ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)有四種形式:①形容詞性物主代詞+動詞ing②名詞所有格+動詞ing③代詞賓格+動詞ing④名詞+動詞ingHer coming to help encouraged all of us.她來幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting.這個嬰兒被突然的關(guān)門聲吵醒了。Can you imagine him/Jack cooking at home?你能想象他/杰克在家做飯的樣子嗎?無生命名詞無論是作主語還是作賓語都不能用第②種形式。Tom's winning first prize last year impressed me a lot.湯姆去年得了一等獎使我印象深刻。Do you mind my/me/Jack's/Jack leaving now?你介意我/杰克現(xiàn)在離開嗎?Excuse me for my not coming on time.很抱歉我沒能按時來。His father's being ill made him worried.他父親病了,他很擔(dān)心。We are looking forward to the singer's/the singer to give us a concert.我們盼望著這位歌手來給我們舉辦一場演唱會。
提問:1.怎樣判斷兩種相關(guān)聯(lián)的量是否成正比例?用字母怎樣表示正比例關(guān)系? 2.判斷下面兩種量是否成正比例?為什么? (1)時間一定,行駛的路程和速度 (2)除數(shù)一定,被除數(shù)和商 3.單價、數(shù)量和總價之間有怎樣的關(guān)系?在什么條件下,兩種量成正比例? 4.導(dǎo)入新課: 如果總價一定,單價和數(shù)量的變化有什么規(guī)律?這兩種量存在什么關(guān)系?今天,我們就來研究這種變化規(guī)律。
1、通過同位之間互說座位位置,檢測知識目標(biāo)2、3的達(dá)成效果。2、通過導(dǎo)學(xué)案上的探究一,檢測知識目標(biāo)2、3的達(dá)成效果。 3、通過探究二,檢測知識目標(biāo)1、3的達(dá)成效果。 4、通過課堂反饋,檢測總體教學(xué)目標(biāo)的達(dá)成效果。本節(jié)課遵循分層施教的原則,以適應(yīng)不同學(xué)生的發(fā)展與提高,針對學(xué)生回答問題本著多鼓勵、少批評的原則,具體從以下幾方面進(jìn)行評價:1、通過學(xué)生獨(dú)立思考、參與小組交流和班級集體展示,教師課堂觀察學(xué)生的表現(xiàn),了解學(xué)生對知識的理解和掌握情況。教師進(jìn)行適時的反應(yīng)評價,同時促進(jìn)學(xué)生的自評與互評。2、通過設(shè)計(jì)課堂互說座位、探究一、二及達(dá)標(biāo)檢測題,檢測學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)達(dá)成情況,同時有利于學(xué)生完成對自己的評價。3.通過課后作業(yè),了解學(xué)生對本課時知識的掌握情況,同時又能檢測學(xué)生分析解決問題的方法和思路,完成教學(xué)反饋評價。
教 學(xué) 過 程教師 行為學(xué)生 行為教學(xué) 意圖時間 *揭示課題 7.1 平面向量的概念及線性運(yùn)算 *創(chuàng)設(shè)情境 興趣導(dǎo)入 如圖7-1所示,用100N①的力,按照不同的方向拉一輛車,效果一樣嗎? 圖7-1 介紹 播放 課件 引導(dǎo) 分析 了解 觀看 課件 思考 自我 分析 從實(shí)例出發(fā)使學(xué)生自然的走向知識點(diǎn) 0 3*動腦思考 探索新知 【新知識】 在數(shù)學(xué)與物理學(xué)中,有兩種量.只有大小,沒有方向的量叫做數(shù)量(標(biāo)量),例如質(zhì)量、時間、溫度、面積、密度等.既有大小,又有方向的量叫做向量(矢量),例如力、速度、位移等. 我們經(jīng)常用箭頭來表示方向,帶有方向的線段叫做有向線段.通常使用有向線段來表示向量.線段箭頭的指向表示向量的方向,線段的長度表示向量的大?。鐖D7-2所示,有向線段的起點(diǎn)叫做平面向量的起點(diǎn),有向線段的終點(diǎn)叫做平面向量的終點(diǎn).以A為起點(diǎn),B為終點(diǎn)的向量記作.也可以使用小寫英文字母,印刷用黑體表示,記作a;手寫時應(yīng)在字母上面加箭頭,記作. 圖7-2 平面內(nèi)的有向線段表示的向量稱為平面向量. 向量的大小叫做向量的模.向量a, 的模依次記作,. 模為零的向量叫做零向量.記作0,零向量的方向是不確定的. 模為1的向量叫做單位向量. 總結(jié) 歸納 仔細(xì) 分析 講解 關(guān)鍵 詞語 思考 理解 記憶 帶領(lǐng) 學(xué)生 分析 引導(dǎo) 式啟 發(fā)學(xué) 生得 出結(jié) 果 10
問題導(dǎo)學(xué)類比用方程研究橢圓雙曲線幾何性質(zhì)的過程與方法,y2 = 2px (p>0)你認(rèn)為應(yīng)研究拋物線的哪些幾何性質(zhì),如何研究這些性質(zhì)?1. 范圍拋物線 y2 = 2px (p>0) 在 y 軸的右側(cè),開口向右,這條拋物線上的任意一點(diǎn)M 的坐標(biāo) (x, y) 的橫坐標(biāo)滿足不等式 x ≥ 0;當(dāng)x 的值增大時,|y| 也增大,這說明拋物線向右上方和右下方無限延伸.拋物線是無界曲線.2. 對稱性觀察圖象,不難發(fā)現(xiàn),拋物線 y2 = 2px (p>0)關(guān)于 x 軸對稱,我們把拋物線的對稱軸叫做拋物線的軸.拋物線只有一條對稱軸. 3. 頂點(diǎn)拋物線和它軸的交點(diǎn)叫做拋物線的頂點(diǎn).拋物線的頂點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)是坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn) (0, 0) .4. 離心率拋物線上的點(diǎn)M 到焦點(diǎn)的距離和它到準(zhǔn)線的距離的比,叫做拋物線的離心率. 用 e 表示,e = 1.探究如果拋物線的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程是〖 y〗^2=-2px(p>0), ②〖 x〗^2=2py(p>0), ③〖 x〗^2=-2py(p>0), ④
本節(jié)課選自《2019人教A版高中數(shù)學(xué)選擇性必修第一冊》第二章《直線和圓的方程》,本節(jié)課主要學(xué)習(xí)拋物線及其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程在經(jīng)歷了橢圓和雙曲線的學(xué)習(xí)后再學(xué)習(xí)拋物線,是在學(xué)生原有認(rèn)知的基礎(chǔ)上從幾何與代數(shù)兩 個角度去認(rèn)識拋物線.教材在拋物線的定義這個內(nèi)容的安排上是:先從直觀上認(rèn)識拋物線,再從畫法中提煉出拋物線的幾何特征,由此抽象概括出拋物線的定義,最后是拋物線定義的簡單應(yīng)用.這樣的安排不僅體現(xiàn)出《課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》中要求通過豐富的實(shí)例展開教學(xué)的理念,而且符合學(xué)生從具體到抽象的認(rèn)知規(guī)律,有利于學(xué)生對概念的學(xué)習(xí)和理解.坐標(biāo)法的教學(xué)貫穿了整個“圓錐曲線方程”一章,是學(xué)生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)掌握的基本數(shù)學(xué)方法 運(yùn)動變化和對立統(tǒng)一的思想觀點(diǎn)在這節(jié)知識中得到了突出體現(xiàn),我們必須充分利用好這部分教材進(jìn)行教學(xué)
二、典例解析例5. 如圖,一種電影放映燈的反射鏡面是旋轉(zhuǎn)橢圓面(橢圓繞其對稱軸旋轉(zhuǎn)一周形成的曲面)的一部分。過對稱軸的截口 ABC是橢圓的一部分,燈絲位于橢圓的一個焦點(diǎn)F_1上,片門位另一個焦點(diǎn)F_2上,由橢圓一個焦點(diǎn)F_1 發(fā)出的光線,經(jīng)過旋轉(zhuǎn)橢圓面反射后集中到另一個橢圓焦點(diǎn)F_2,已知 〖BC⊥F_1 F〗_2,|F_1 B|=2.8cm, |F_1 F_2 |=4.5cm,試建立適當(dāng)?shù)钠矫嬷苯亲鴺?biāo)系,求截口ABC所在的橢圓方程(精確到0.1cm)典例解析解:建立如圖所示的平面直角坐標(biāo)系,設(shè)所求橢圓方程為x^2/a^2 +y^2/b^2 =1 (a>b>0) 在Rt ΔBF_1 F_2中,|F_2 B|= √(|F_1 B|^2+|F_1 F_2 |^2 )=√(〖2.8〗^2 〖+4.5〗^2 ) 有橢圓的性質(zhì) , |F_1 B|+|F_2 B|=2 a, 所以a=1/2(|F_1 B|+|F_2 B|)=1/2(2.8+√(〖2.8〗^2 〖+4.5〗^2 )) ≈4.1b= √(a^2 〖-c〗^2 ) ≈3.4所以所求橢圓方程為x^2/〖4.1〗^2 +y^2/〖3.4〗^2 =1 利用橢圓的幾何性質(zhì)求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程的思路1.利用橢圓的幾何性質(zhì)求橢圓的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程時,通常采用待定系數(shù)法,其步驟是:(1)確定焦點(diǎn)位置;(2)設(shè)出相應(yīng)橢圓的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程(對于焦點(diǎn)位置不確定的橢圓可能有兩種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程);(3)根據(jù)已知條件構(gòu)造關(guān)于參數(shù)的關(guān)系式,利用方程(組)求參數(shù),列方程(組)時常用的關(guān)系式有b2=a2-c2等.
問題1. 用一個大寫的英文字母或一個阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字給教室里的一個座位編號,總共能編出多少種不同的號碼?因?yàn)橛⑽淖帜腹灿?6個,阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字共有10個,所以總共可以編出26+10=36種不同的號碼.問題2.你能說說這個問題的特征嗎?上述計(jì)數(shù)過程的基本環(huán)節(jié)是:(1)確定分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),根據(jù)問題條件分為字母號碼和數(shù)字號碼兩類;(2)分別計(jì)算各類號碼的個數(shù);(3)各類號碼的個數(shù)相加,得出所有號碼的個數(shù).你能舉出一些生活中類似的例子嗎?一般地,有如下分類加法計(jì)數(shù)原理:完成一件事,有兩類辦法. 在第1類辦法中有m種不同的方法,在第2類方法中有n種不同的方法,則完成這件事共有:N= m+n種不同的方法.二、典例解析例1.在填寫高考志愿時,一名高中畢業(yè)生了解到,A,B兩所大學(xué)各有一些自己感興趣的強(qiáng)項(xiàng)專業(yè),如表,
2重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)教學(xué)重點(diǎn)了解我國古代建筑的外觀造型、建筑結(jié)構(gòu)、群體布局、裝飾色彩。教學(xué)難點(diǎn)對我國古代建筑的欣賞感受能力,能夠從外觀、結(jié)構(gòu)、布局、裝飾、類別來欣賞祖國古代的建筑藝術(shù)。3教學(xué)過程3.1 第一學(xué)時教學(xué)活動活動1【導(dǎo)入】觀察建筑,點(diǎn)出建筑(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:了解建筑的基本特點(diǎn))1、同學(xué)們,我們坐在什么地方?(教室)2、讓我們來觀察一下,它都有哪些部分組成?(墻壁、天花板、地面、門窗)3、還有什么地方有這些特點(diǎn)?(電影院、家… …)4、 [課件1:現(xiàn)代建筑]這些都叫做“建筑”。(板書)
教 學(xué) 過 程教師 行為學(xué)生 行為教學(xué) 意圖時間 *揭示課題 7.1 平面向量的概念及線性運(yùn)算 *創(chuàng)設(shè)情境 興趣導(dǎo)入 如圖7-1所示,用100N①的力,按照不同的方向拉一輛車,效果一樣嗎? 圖7-1 介紹 播放 課件 引導(dǎo) 分析 了解 觀看 課件 思考 自我 分析 從實(shí)例出發(fā)使學(xué)生自然的走向知識點(diǎn) 0 3*動腦思考 探索新知 【新知識】 在數(shù)學(xué)與物理學(xué)中,有兩種量.只有大小,沒有方向的量叫做數(shù)量(標(biāo)量),例如質(zhì)量、時間、溫度、面積、密度等.既有大小,又有方向的量叫做向量(矢量),例如力、速度、位移等. 我們經(jīng)常用箭頭來表示方向,帶有方向的線段叫做有向線段.通常使用有向線段來表示向量.線段箭頭的指向表示向量的方向,線段的長度表示向量的大小.如圖7-2所示,有向線段的起點(diǎn)叫做平面向量的起點(diǎn),有向線段的終點(diǎn)叫做平面向量的終點(diǎn).以A為起點(diǎn),B為終點(diǎn)的向量記作.也可以使用小寫英文字母,印刷用黑體表示,記作a;手寫時應(yīng)在字母上面加箭頭,記作. 圖7-2 平面內(nèi)的有向線段表示的向量稱為平面向量. 向量的大小叫做向量的模.向量a, 的模依次記作,. 模為零的向量叫做零向量.記作0,零向量的方向是不確定的. 模為1的向量叫做單位向量. 總結(jié) 歸納 仔細(xì) 分析 講解 關(guān)鍵 詞語 思考 理解 記憶 帶領(lǐng) 學(xué)生 分析 引導(dǎo) 式啟 發(fā)學(xué) 生得 出結(jié) 果 10
一、情境導(dǎo)學(xué)我國著名數(shù)學(xué)家吳文俊先生在《數(shù)學(xué)教育現(xiàn)代化問題》中指出:“數(shù)學(xué)研究數(shù)量關(guān)系與空間形式,簡單講就是形與數(shù),歐幾里得幾何體系的特點(diǎn)是排除了數(shù)量關(guān)系,對于研究空間形式,你要真正的‘騰飛’,不通過數(shù)量關(guān)系,我想不出有什么好的辦法…….”吳文俊先生明確地指出中學(xué)幾何的“騰飛”是“數(shù)量化”,也就是坐標(biāo)系的引入,使得幾何問題“代數(shù)化”,為了使得空間幾何“代數(shù)化”,我們引入了坐標(biāo)及其運(yùn)算.二、探究新知一、空間直角坐標(biāo)系與坐標(biāo)表示1.空間直角坐標(biāo)系在空間選定一點(diǎn)O和一個單位正交基底{i,j,k},以點(diǎn)O為原點(diǎn),分別以i,j,k的方向?yàn)檎较颉⒁运鼈兊拈L為單位長度建立三條數(shù)軸:x軸、y軸、z軸,它們都叫做坐標(biāo)軸.這時我們就建立了一個空間直角坐標(biāo)系Oxyz,O叫做原點(diǎn),i,j,k都叫做坐標(biāo)向量,通過每兩個坐標(biāo)軸的平面叫做坐標(biāo)平面,分別稱為Oxy平面,Oyz平面,Ozx平面.
問題導(dǎo)學(xué)類比橢圓幾何性質(zhì)的研究,你認(rèn)為應(yīng)該研究雙曲線x^2/a^2 -y^2/b^2 =1 (a>0,b>0),的哪些幾何性質(zhì),如何研究這些性質(zhì)1、范圍利用雙曲線的方程求出它的范圍,由方程x^2/a^2 -y^2/b^2 =1可得x^2/a^2 =1+y^2/b^2 ≥1 于是,雙曲線上點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)( x , y )都適合不等式,x^2/a^2 ≥1,y∈R所以x≥a 或x≤-a; y∈R2、對稱性 x^2/a^2 -y^2/b^2 =1 (a>0,b>0),關(guān)于x軸、y軸和原點(diǎn)都是對稱。x軸、y軸是雙曲線的對稱軸,原點(diǎn)是對稱中心,又叫做雙曲線的中心。3、頂點(diǎn)(1)雙曲線與對稱軸的交點(diǎn),叫做雙曲線的頂點(diǎn) .頂點(diǎn)是A_1 (-a,0)、A_2 (a,0),只有兩個。(2)如圖,線段A_1 A_2 叫做雙曲線的實(shí)軸,它的長為2a,a叫做實(shí)半軸長;線段B_1 B_2 叫做雙曲線的虛軸,它的長為2b,b叫做雙曲線的虛半軸長。(3)實(shí)軸與虛軸等長的雙曲線叫等軸雙曲線4、漸近線(1)雙曲線x^2/a^2 -y^2/b^2 =1 (a>0,b>0),的漸近線方程為:y=±b/a x(2)利用漸近線可以較準(zhǔn)確的畫出雙曲線的草圖
二、直線與拋物線的位置關(guān)系設(shè)直線l:y=kx+m,拋物線:y2=2px(p>0),將直線方程與拋物線方程聯(lián)立整理成關(guān)于x的方程k2x2+2(km-p)x+m2=0.(1)若k≠0,當(dāng)Δ>0時,直線與拋物線相交,有兩個交點(diǎn);當(dāng)Δ=0時,直線與拋物線相切,有一個切點(diǎn);當(dāng)Δ<0時,直線與拋物線相離,沒有公共點(diǎn).(2)若k=0,直線與拋物線有一個交點(diǎn),此時直線平行于拋物線的對稱軸或與對稱軸重合.因此直線與拋物線有一個公共點(diǎn)是直線與拋物線相切的必要不充分條件.二、典例解析例5.過拋物線焦點(diǎn)F的直線交拋物線于A、B兩點(diǎn),通過點(diǎn)A和拋物線頂點(diǎn)的直線交拋物線的準(zhǔn)線于點(diǎn)D,求證:直線DB平行于拋物線的對稱軸.【分析】設(shè)拋物線的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程為:y2=2px(p>0).設(shè)A(x1,y1),B(x2,y2).直線OA的方程為: = = ,可得yD= .設(shè)直線AB的方程為:my=x﹣ ,與拋物線的方程聯(lián)立化為y2﹣2pm﹣p2=0,
二、典例解析例4.如圖,雙曲線型冷卻塔的外形,是雙曲線的一部分,已知塔的總高度為137.5m,塔頂直徑為90m,塔的最小直徑(喉部直徑)為60m,喉部標(biāo)高112.5m,試建立適當(dāng)?shù)淖鴺?biāo)系,求出此雙曲線的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程(精確到1m)解:設(shè)雙曲線的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程為 ,如圖所示:為喉部直徑,故 ,故雙曲線方程為 .而 的橫坐標(biāo)為塔頂直徑的一半即 ,其縱坐標(biāo)為塔的總高度與喉部標(biāo)高的差即 ,故 ,故 ,所以 ,故雙曲線方程為 .例5.已知點(diǎn) 到定點(diǎn) 的距離和它到定直線l: 的距離的比是 ,則點(diǎn) 的軌跡方程為?解:設(shè)點(diǎn) ,由題知, ,即 .整理得: .請你將例5與橢圓一節(jié)中的例6比較,你有什么發(fā)現(xiàn)?例6、 過雙曲線 的右焦點(diǎn)F2,傾斜角為30度的直線交雙曲線于A,B兩點(diǎn),求|AB|.分析:求弦長問題有兩種方法:法一:如果交點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)易求,可直接用兩點(diǎn)間距離公式代入求弦長;法二:但有時為了簡化計(jì)算,常設(shè)而不求,運(yùn)用韋達(dá)定理來處理.解:由雙曲線的方程得,兩焦點(diǎn)分別為F1(-3,0),F2(3,0).因?yàn)橹本€AB的傾斜角是30°,且直線經(jīng)過右焦點(diǎn)F2,所以,直線AB的方程為